CONCEPTS IN BIOLOGY
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1. What Is Biology?
1.1. Why the Study of Biology Is Important
1.2. Science and the Scientific Method
1.3. Science, Nonscience, and Pseudoscience
PART II. CORNERSTONES: CHEMISTRY, CELLS, AND METABOLISM
2. The Basics of Life
2.3. The Kinetic Molecular Theory and Molecules
2.4. Molecules and Kinetic Energy
2.5. Physical Changes—Phases of Matter
2.6. Chemical Changes—Forming New Kinds of Matter
2.7. Water: The Essence of Life
3. Organic Molecules—The Molecules of Life
3.1. Molecules Containing Carbon
4. Cell Structure and Function
4.1. The Development of the Cell Theory
4.3. The Structure of Cellular Membranes
4.4. Organelles Composed of Membranes
4.7. Exchange Through Membranes
4.8. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Revisited
5. Enzymes, Coenzymes, and Energy
5.2. How Enzymes Speed Chemical Reaction Rates
5.3. Cofactors, Coenzymes, and Vitamins
5.4. How the Environment Affects Enzyme Action
5.5. Cellular-Control Processes and Enzymes
5.6. Enzymatic Reactions Used in Processing Energy and Matter
6. Biochemical Pathways—Cellular Respiration
6.2. An Overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
6.3. The Metabolic Pathways of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
6.4. Aerobic Cellular Respiration in Prokaryotes
6.5. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
6.6. Metabolic Processing of Molecules Other Than Carbohydrates
7. Biochemical Pathways-Photosynthesis
7.2. An Overview of Photosynthesis
7.3. The Metabolic Pathways of Photosynthesis
7.4. Other Aspects of Plant Metabolism
7.5. Interrelationships Between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
PART III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, CELL DIVISION, AND GENETICS
8. DNA and RNA. The Molecular Basis of Heredity
8.1. DNA and the Importance of Proteins
8.2. DNA Structure and Function
8.3. RNA Structure and Function
8.5. The Control of Protein Synthesis
8.6. Mutations and Protein Synthesis
9. Cell Division—Proliferation and Reproduction
9.1. Cell Division: An Overview
9.2. The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
9.6. Determination and Differentiation
9.7. Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction
9.8. Meiosis—Gamete Production
9.9. Genetic Diversity—The Biological Advantage of Sexual Reproduction
9.10. Nondisjunction and Chromosomal Abnormalities
10. Patterns of Inheritance
10.1. Meiosis, Genes, and Alleles
10.2. The Fundamentals of Genetics
10.3. Probability vs. Possibility
10.4. The First Geneticist: Gregor Mendel
10.5. Solving Genetics Problems
10.6. Modified Mendelian Patterns
10.8. Other Influences on Phenotype
11. Applications of Biotechnology
11.3. The Genetic Modification of Organisms
PART IV. EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY
12. Diversity Within Species and Population Genetics
12.1. Genetics in Species and Populations
12.2. The Biological Species Concept
12.3. How Genetic Diversity Comes About
12.4. Why Genetically Distinct Populations Exist
12.5. Genetic Diversity in Domesticated Plants and Animals
12.6. Is It a Species or Not? The Evidence
12.7. Human Population Genetics
12.8. Ethics and Human Population Genetics
13. Evolution and Natural Selection
13.1. The Scientific Concept of Evolution
13.2. The Development of Evolutionary Thought
13.3. The Role of Natural Selection in Evolution
13.4. Common Misunderstandings About Natural Selection
13.5. What Influences Natural Selection?
13.6. The Processes. That Drive Selection
13.8. Evolution Without Selection—Genetic Drift
13.9. Gene-Frequency Studies and the Hardy-Weinberg Concept
13.10. A Summary of the Causes of Evolutionary Change
14. The Formation of Species and Evolutionary Change
14.1. Evolutionary Patterns at the Species Level
14.2. How New Species Originate
14.3. The Maintenance of Reproductive Isolation Between Species
14.4. Evolutionary Patterns Above the Species Level
14.6. The Tentative Nature of the Evolutionary History of Organisms
15. Ecosystem Dynamics. The Flow of Energy and Matter
15.2. Trophic Levels and Food Chains
15.3. Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
15.4. The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems—Biogeochemical Cycles
16. Community Interactions
16.1. The Nature of Communities
16.3. Kinds of Organism Interactions
16.5. Major Aquatic Ecosystems
16.7. The Impact of Human Actions on Communities
17. Population Ecology
17.1. Population Characteristics
17.3. The Population Growth Curve
17.4. Limits to Population Size
17.5. Categories of Limiting Factors
17.7. Limiting Factors to Human Population Growth
17.8. The Control of the Human Population—A Social Problem
18. Evolutionary and Ecological Aspects of Behavior
18.2. The Problem of Anthropomorphism
18.3. Instinctive and Learned Behavior
18.5. Instinct and Learning in the Same Animal
18.7. Selected Topics in Behavioral Ecology
PART V. THE ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
19. The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Cells
19.1. Early Thoughts About the Origin of Life
19.2. Current Thinking About the Origin of Life
19.3. The "Big Bang" and the Origin of the Earth
19.4. The Chemical Evolution of Life on Earth
19.5. Major Evolutionary Changes in Early Cellular Life
19.6. The Geologic Timeline and the Evolution of Life
20. The Classification and Evolution of Organisms
20.1. The Classification of Organisms
20.2. A Brief Survey of the Domains of Life
20.3. Acellular Infectious Particles
21. The Nature of Microorganisms
21.1. What Are Microorganisms?
21.2. The Domains Bacteria and Archaea
21.4. Multicellularity in the Protista
22. The Plants Kingdom
22.2. Alternation of Generations
22.5. The Significance of Vascular Tissue
22.6. The Development of Roots, Stems, and Leaves
22.7. Seedless Vascular Plants
22.8. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
22.9. The Growth of Woody Plants
22.10. Plant Responses to Their Environment
22.11. The Coevolution of Plants and Animals
23. The Animal Kingdom
23.2. The Evolution of Animals
23.6. Primitive Marine Animals
23.7. Platyhelminthes—Flatworms
23.9. Annelida—Segmented Worms
23.14. Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
PART VI. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
24. Materials Exchange in the Body
24.1. The Basic Principles of Materials Exchange
24.2. Circulation: The Cardiovascular System
24.4. Gas Exchange: The Respiratory System
24.5. Obtaining Nutrients: The Digestive System
24.6. Waste Disposal: The Excretory System
25. Nutrition. Food and Diet
25.1. Living Things as Chemical. Factories: Matter and Energy. Manipulators
25.2. The Kinds of Nutrients and Their Function
25.3. Dietary Reference Intakes
25.5. Determining Energy Needs
25.7. Nutrition Through the Life Cycle
25.8. Nutrition for Fitness and Sports
26. The Body's Control Mechanisms and Immunity
26.1. Coordination in Multicellular Animals
26.4. The Integration of Nervous and Endocrine Function
26.7. The Body's Defense Mechanisms—Immunity
27. Human Reproduction, Sex, and Sexuality
27.1. Sexuality from Various Points of View
27.3. Components of Human Sexual Behavior
27.4. Sex Determination and Embryonic Sexual Development
27.5. The Sexual Maturation of Young Adults
27.7. Oogenesis, Ovulation, and Menstruation
27.8. The Hormonal Control of Fertility
27.9. Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth
27.11. Termination of Pregnancy—Abortion