THE LIVING WORLD

THE LIVING WORLD

0. Studying Biology

0.1. How to Study

0.2. Using Your Textbook

0.3. Science Is a Way of Thinking

0.4. How to Read a Graph

Unit One. The Study of Life

1. The Science of Biology

1.1. The Diversity of Life

1.2. Properties of Life

1.3. Organization of Life

1.4. Biological Themes

1.5. How Scientists Think

1.6. Science in Action: A Case Study

1.7. Stages of a Scientific Investigation

1.8. Theory and Certainty

1.9. Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science

Unit two. The Living Cell

2. The Chemistry of Life

2.1. Atoms

2.2. Ions and Isotopes

2.3. Molecules

2.4. Hydrogen Bonds Give Water Unique Properties

2.5. Water Ionizes


3. Molecules of Life

3.1. Polymers Are Built of Monomers

3.2. Proteins

3.3. Nucleic Acids

3.4. Carbohydrates

3.5. Lipids


4. Cells

4.1. Cells

4.2. The Plasma Membrane

4.3. Prokaryotic Cells

4.4. Eukaryotic Cells

4.5. The Nucleus: The Cell's Control Center

4.6. The Endomembrane System

4.7. Organelles That Contain DNA

4.8. The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell

4.9. Outside the Plasma Membrane

4.10. Diffusion

4.11. Facilitated diffusion

4.12. Osmotic

4.13. Bulk Passage into and out of Cells

4.14. Active Transport


5. Energy and Life

5.1. The Flow of Energy in Living Things

5.2. The Laws of Thermodynamics

5.3. Chemical Reactions

5.4. How Enzymes Work

5.5. How Cells Regulate Enzymes

5.6. ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell


6. Photosynthesis: Acquiring Energy from the Sun

6.1. An Overview of Photosynthesis

6.2. How Plants Capture Energy from Sunlight

6.3. Organizing Pigments into Photosystems

6.4. How Photosystems Convert Light to Chemical Energy

6.5. Building New Molecules

6.6. Photorespiration: Putting the Brakes on Photosynthesis


7. How Cells Harvest Energy from Food

7.1. Where Is the Energy in Food?

7.2. Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP

7.3. Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds

7.4. Using the Electrons to Make ATP

7.5. Cells Can Metabolize Food Without Oxygen

7.6. Glucose Is Not the Only Food Molecule

Unit Three. The Continuity of Life

8. Mitosis

8.1. Prokaryotes Have a Simple Cell Cycle

8.2. Eukaryotes Have a Complex Cell Cycle

8.3. Chromosomes

8.4. Cell Division

8.5. Controlling the Cell Cycle

8.6. What Is Cancer?

8.7. Cancer and Control of the Cell Cycle


9. Meiosis

9.1. Discovery of Meiosis

9.2. The Sexual Life Cycle

9.3. The Stages of Meiosis

9.4. How Meiosis Differs from Mitosis

9.5. Evolutionary Consequences of Sex


10. Foundations of Genetics

10.1. Mendel and the Garden Pea

10.2. What Mendel Observed

10.3. Mendel Proposes a Theory

10.4. Mendel's Laws

10.5. How Genes Influence Traits

10.6. Some Traits Don't Show Mendelian Inheritance

10.7. Chromosomes Are the Vehicles of Mendelian Inheritance

10.8. Human Chromosomes

10.9. Studying Pedigrees

10.10. The Role of Mutation

10.11. Counseling and Therapy


11. DNA: The Genetic Material

11.1. The Discovery of Transformation

11.2. Experiments Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material

11.3. Discovering the Structure of DNA

11.4. How the DNA Molecule Copies Itself

11.5. Mutation


12. How Genes Work

12.1. The Central Dogma

12.2. Transcription

12.3. Translation

12.4. Gene Expression

12.5. How Prokaryotes Control Transcription

12.6. Transcription Control in Eukaryotes

12.7. Controlling Transcription from a Distance

12.8. RNA-Level Control

12.9. Complex Regulation of Gene Expression


13. The New Biology

13.1. Genomics

13.2. The Human Genome

13.3. A Scientific Revolution

13.4. Genetic Engineering and Medicine

13.5. Genetic Engineering and Agriculture

13.6. Reproductive Cloning

13.7. Stem Cell Therapy

13.8. Therapeutic Use of Cloning

13.9. Gene Therapy

Unit Four. The Evolution and Diversity of Life

14. Evolution and Natural Selection

14.1. Darwin's Voyage on HMS Beagle

14.2. Darwin’s Evidence

14.3. The Theory of Natural Selection

14.4. The Beaks of Darwin's Finches

14.5. How Natural Selection Produces Diversity

14.6. The Evidence for Evolution

14.7. Evolution’s Critics

14.8. Genetic Change in Populations: The Hardy-Weinberg Rule

14.9. Agents of Evolution

14.10. Sickle-Cell Anemia

14.11. Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism

14.12. Selection on Color in Guppies

14.13. The Biological Species Concept

14.14. Isolating Mechanisms


15. How We Name Living Things

15.1. Invention of the Linnaean System

15.2. Species Names

15.3. Higher Categories

15.4. What Is a Species?

15.5. How to Build a Family Tree

15.6. The Kingdoms of Life

15.7. Domain Bacteria

15.8. Domain Archaea

15.9. Domain Eukaria


16. Prokaryotes: The First Single-Celled Creatures

16.1. Origin of Life

16.2. How Cells Arose

16.3. The Simplest Organisms

16.4. Comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

16.5. Importance of Prokaryotes

16.6. Prokaryotic of Lifestyles

16.7. The Structure of Viruses

16.8. How Bacteriophages Enter Prokaryotic Cells

16.9. How Animal Viruses Enter Cells

16.10. Disease Viruses


17. Protists: Advent of the Eukaryotes

17.1. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells

17.2. The Evolution of Sex

17.3. General Biology of Protists, the Most Ancient Eukaryotes

17.4. Classifying the Protists

17.5. The Base of the Protist Tree

17.6. A Diverse Kingdom

17.7. The Road to Plants

17.8. The Road to Animals

17.9. "Not Yet Located on the Protist Phylogenetic Tree"


18. Fungi Invade the Land

18.1. Complex Multicellularity

18.2. A Fungus Is Not a Plant

18.3. Reproduction and Nutrition of Fungi

18.4. Kinds of Fungi

18.5. Zygomycetes

18.6. Ascomycetes

18.7. Basidiomycetes

18.8. Chytridiomycetes, Imperfect Fungi, and Yeasts

18.9. Ecological Roles of Fungi

Unit Five. Evolution of Animal Life

19. Evolution of the Animal Phyla

19.1. General Features of Animals

19.2. The Animal Family Tree

19.3. Six Key Transitions in Body Plan

19.4. Sponges: Animals Without Tissues

19.5. Cnidarians: Tissues Lead to Greater Specialization

19.6. Solid Worms: Bilateral Symmetry

19.7. Roundworms: The Evolution of a Body Cavity

19.8. Mollusks: Coelomates

19.9. Annelids: The Rise of Segmentation

19.10. Arthropods: Advent of Jointed Appendages

19.11. Protostomes and Deuterostomes

19.12. Echinoderms: The First Deuterostomes

19.13. Chordates: Improving the Skeleton


20. History of the Vertebrates

20.1. The Paleozoic Era

20.2. The Mesozoic Era

20.3. The Cenozoic Era

20.4. Fishes Dominate the Sea

20.5. Amphibians Invade the Land

20.6. Reptiles Conquer the Land

20.7. Birds Master the Air

20.8. Mammals Adapt to Colder Times


21. How Humans Evolved

21.1. The Evolutionary Path to Humans

21.2. How the Apes Evolved

21.3. Walking Upright

21.4. The Hominid Family Tree

21.5. African Origin: Early Homo

21.6. Out of Africa Homo erectus

21.7. Our Own Species Also Evolved in Africa

21.8. The Only Surviving Hominid

Unit Six. Animal Life

22. The Animal Body and How It Moves

22.1. Innovations in Body Design

22.2. Organization of the Vertebrate Body

22.3. Epithelium Is Protective

22.4. Connective Tissue Supports the Body

22.5. Muscle Tissue Lets the Body Move

22.6. Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly

22.7. Types of Skeletons

22.8. Muscles and How They Work


23. Circulation

23.1. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

23.2. Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory System

23.3. The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost Fluid

23.4. Blood

23.5. Fish Circulation

23.6. Amphibian and Reptile Circulation

23.7. Mammalian and Bird Circulation


24. Respiration

24.1. Types of Respiratory Systems

24.2. Respiration in Aquatic Vertebrates

24.3. Respiration in Terrestrial Vertebrates

24.4. The Mammalian Respiratory System

24.5. How Respiration Works: Gas Exchange

24.6. The Nature of Lung Cancer


25. The Path of Food Through the Animal Body

25.1. Food for Energy and Growth

25.2. Types of Digestive Systems

25.3. Vertebrate Digestive Systems

25.4. The Mouth and Teeth

25.5. The Esophagus and Stomach

25.6. The Small and Large Intestines

25.7. Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems

25.8. Accessory Digestive Organs


26. Maintaining the Internal Environment

26.1. How the Animal Body Maintains Homeostasis

26.2. Redulating the Body's Water Content

26.3. Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney

26.4. The Mammalian Kidney

26.5. Eliminated Nitrogenous Wastes


27. How the Animal Body Defends Itself

27.1. Skin: The First Line of Defense

27.2. Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of Defense

27.3. Specific Immunity: The Third Line of Defense

27.4. Initiating the Immune Response

27.5. T Cells: The Cellular Response

27.6. B Cells: The Humoral Response

27.7. Active Immunity Through Clonal Selection

27.8. Vaccination

27.9. Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis

27.10. Overactive Immune System

27.11. AIDS: Immune System Collapse


28. The Nervous System

28.1. Evolution of the Animal Nervous System

28.2. Neurons Generate Nerve Impulses

28.3. The Synapse

28.4. Addictive Drugs Act on Chemical Synapses

28.5. Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain

28.6. How the Brain Works

28.7. The Spinal Cord

28.8. Voluntary and Autonomic Nervous Systems


29. The Senses

29.1. Processing Sensory Information

29.2. Sensing Gravity and Motion

29.3. Sensing Chemicals: Taste and Smell

29.4. Sensing Sounds: Hearing

29.5. Sensing Light: Vision

29.6. Other Vertebrate Senses


30. Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body

30.1. Hormones

30.2. How Hormones Target Cells

30.3. The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary

30.4. The Pancreas

30.5. The Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands


31. Reproduction and Development

31.1. Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

31.2. Evolution of Vertebrate Sexual Reproduction

31.3. Males

31.4. Females

31.5. Hormones Coordinate the Reproductive Cycle

31.6. Embryonic Development

31.7. Fetal Development

31.8. Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Unit Seven. Plant Life

32. Evolution of Plants

32.1. Adapting to Terrestrial Living

32.2. Plant Evolution

32.3. Nonvascular Plants

32.4. The Evolution of Vascular Tissue

32.5. Seedless Vascular Plants

32.6. Evolution of Seed Plants

32.7. Gymnosperms

32.8. Rise of the Angiosperms

32.9. Why Are There Different Kinds of Flowers?

32.10. Double Fertilization

32.11. Fruits


33. Plant Form and Function

33.1. Organization of a Vascular Plant

33.2. Plant Tissue Types

33.3. Roots

33.4. Stems

33.5. Leaves

33.6. Water Movement

33.7. Carbohydrate Transport


34. Plant Reproduction and Growth

34.1. Angiosperm Reproduction

34.2. Structure of the Flower

34.3. Gametes Combine Within the Flower

34.4. Seeds

34.5. Fruit

34.6. Germination

34.7. Growth and Nutrition

34.8. Plant Hormones

34.9. Auxin

34.10. Photoperiodism and Dormancy

34.11. Tropisms

Unit Eight. The Living Environment

35. Populations and Communities

35.1. What Is Ecology?

35.2. Population Range

35.3. Population Distribution

35.4. Population Growth

35.5. The Influence of Population Density

35.6. Life History Adaptations

35.7. Population Demography

35.8. Communities

35.9. The Niche and Competition

35.10. Coevolution and Symbiosis

35.11. Predator-Prey Interactions

35.12. Mimicry

35.13. Ecological Succession


36. Ecosystems

36.1. Energy Flows Through Ecosystems

36.2. Ecological Pyramids

36.3. The Water Cycle

36.4. The Carbon Cycle

36.5. Soil Nutrients and Other Chemical Cycles

36.6. The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation

36.7. Latitude and Elevation

36.8. Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean

36.9. Ocean Ecosystems

36.10. Freshwater Ecosystems

36.11. Land Ecosystems


37. Behavior and the Environment

37.1. Approaches to the Study of Behavior

37.2. Instinctive Behavioral Patterns

37.3. Genetic Effects on Behavior

37.4. How Animals Learn

37.5. Instinct and Learning Interact

37.6. Animal Cognition

37.7. Behavioral Ecology

37.8. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Behavior

37.9. Migratory Behavior

37.10. Reproductive Behaviors

37.11. Communication Within Social Groups

37.12. Altruism and Group Living

37.13. Animal Societies

37.14. Human Social Behavior


38. Human Influences on the Living World

38.1. Pollution

38.2. Acid Precipitation

38.3. Global Warming

38.4. The Ozone Hole

38.5. Loss of Biodiversity

38.6. Reducing Pollution

38.7. Preserving Nonreplaceable Resources

38.8. Curbing Population Growth

38.9. Preservung Endangered Species

38.10. Finding Cleaner Sources of Energy

38.11. Individuals Can Make the Difference


Terms & Concepts