THE LIVING WORLD
0. Studying Biology
0.3. Science Is a Way of Thinking
Unit One. The Study of Life
1. The Science of Biology
1.6. Science in Action: A Case Study
1.7. Stages of a Scientific Investigation
1.9. Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science
Unit two. The Living Cell
2. The Chemistry of Life
2.4. Hydrogen Bonds Give Water Unique Properties
3. Molecules of Life
3.1. Polymers Are Built of Monomers
4. Cells
4.5. The Nucleus: The Cell's Control Center
4.7. Organelles That Contain DNA
4.8. The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell
4.9. Outside the Plasma Membrane
4.13. Bulk Passage into and out of Cells
5. Energy and Life
5.1. The Flow of Energy in Living Things
5.2. The Laws of Thermodynamics
5.5. How Cells Regulate Enzymes
5.6. ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell
6. Photosynthesis: Acquiring Energy from the Sun
6.1. An Overview of Photosynthesis
6.2. How Plants Capture Energy from Sunlight
6.3. Organizing Pigments into Photosystems
6.4. How Photosystems Convert Light to Chemical Energy
6.6. Photorespiration: Putting the Brakes on Photosynthesis
7. How Cells Harvest Energy from Food
7.1. Where Is the Energy in Food?
7.2. Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP
7.3. Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds
7.4. Using the Electrons to Make ATP
7.5. Cells Can Metabolize Food Without Oxygen
7.6. Glucose Is Not the Only Food Molecule
Unit Three. The Continuity of Life
8. Mitosis
8.1. Prokaryotes Have a Simple Cell Cycle
8.2. Eukaryotes Have a Complex Cell Cycle
8.5. Controlling the Cell Cycle
8.7. Cancer and Control of the Cell Cycle
9. Meiosis
9.4. How Meiosis Differs from Mitosis
9.5. Evolutionary Consequences of Sex
10. Foundations of Genetics
10.1. Mendel and the Garden Pea
10.3. Mendel Proposes a Theory
10.5. How Genes Influence Traits
10.6. Some Traits Don't Show Mendelian Inheritance
10.7. Chromosomes Are the Vehicles of Mendelian Inheritance
11. DNA: The Genetic Material
11.1. The Discovery of Transformation
11.2. Experiments Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material
11.3. Discovering the Structure of DNA
11.4. How the DNA Molecule Copies Itself
12. How Genes Work
12.5. How Prokaryotes Control Transcription
12.6. Transcription Control in Eukaryotes
12.7. Controlling Transcription from a Distance
12.9. Complex Regulation of Gene Expression
13. The New Biology
13.4. Genetic Engineering and Medicine
13.5. Genetic Engineering and Agriculture
13.8. Therapeutic Use of Cloning
Unit Four. The Evolution and Diversity of Life
14. Evolution and Natural Selection
14.1. Darwin's Voyage on HMS Beagle
14.3. The Theory of Natural Selection
14.4. The Beaks of Darwin's Finches
14.5. How Natural Selection Produces Diversity
14.6. The Evidence for Evolution
14.8. Genetic Change in Populations: The Hardy-Weinberg Rule
14.11. Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism
14.12. Selection on Color in Guppies
14.13. The Biological Species Concept
15. How We Name Living Things
15.1. Invention of the Linnaean System
15.5. How to Build a Family Tree
16. Prokaryotes: The First Single-Celled Creatures
16.4. Comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes
16.5. Importance of Prokaryotes
16.6. Prokaryotic of Lifestyles
16.7. The Structure of Viruses
16.8. How Bacteriophages Enter Prokaryotic Cells
16.9. How Animal Viruses Enter Cells
17. Protists: Advent of the Eukaryotes
17.1. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
17.3. General Biology of Protists, the Most Ancient Eukaryotes
17.4. Classifying the Protists
17.5. The Base of the Protist Tree
17.9. "Not Yet Located on the Protist Phylogenetic Tree"
18. Fungi Invade the Land
18.1. Complex Multicellularity
18.3. Reproduction and Nutrition of Fungi
18.8. Chytridiomycetes, Imperfect Fungi, and Yeasts
18.9. Ecological Roles of Fungi
Unit Five. Evolution of Animal Life
19. Evolution of the Animal Phyla
19.1. General Features of Animals
19.3. Six Key Transitions in Body Plan
19.4. Sponges: Animals Without Tissues
19.5. Cnidarians: Tissues Lead to Greater Specialization
19.6. Solid Worms: Bilateral Symmetry
19.7. Roundworms: The Evolution of a Body Cavity
19.9. Annelids: The Rise of Segmentation
19.10. Arthropods: Advent of Jointed Appendages
19.11. Protostomes and Deuterostomes
19.12. Echinoderms: The First Deuterostomes
19.13. Chordates: Improving the Skeleton
20. History of the Vertebrates
20.5. Amphibians Invade the Land
20.6. Reptiles Conquer the Land
20.8. Mammals Adapt to Colder Times
21. How Humans Evolved
21.1. The Evolutionary Path to Humans
21.5. African Origin: Early Homo
21.6. Out of Africa Homo erectus
21.7. Our Own Species Also Evolved in Africa
21.8. The Only Surviving Hominid
Unit Six. Animal Life
22. The Animal Body and How It Moves
22.1. Innovations in Body Design
22.2. Organization of the Vertebrate Body
22.3. Epithelium Is Protective
22.4. Connective Tissue Supports the Body
22.5. Muscle Tissue Lets the Body Move
22.6. Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly
22.8. Muscles and How They Work
23. Circulation
23.1. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
23.2. Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory System
23.3. The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost Fluid
23.6. Amphibian and Reptile Circulation
23.7. Mammalian and Bird Circulation
24. Respiration
24.1. Types of Respiratory Systems
24.2. Respiration in Aquatic Vertebrates
24.3. Respiration in Terrestrial Vertebrates
24.4. The Mammalian Respiratory System
24.5. How Respiration Works: Gas Exchange
24.6. The Nature of Lung Cancer
25. The Path of Food Through the Animal Body
25.1. Food for Energy and Growth
25.2. Types of Digestive Systems
25.3. Vertebrate Digestive Systems
25.5. The Esophagus and Stomach
25.6. The Small and Large Intestines
25.7. Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems
25.8. Accessory Digestive Organs
26. Maintaining the Internal Environment
26.1. How the Animal Body Maintains Homeostasis
26.2. Redulating the Body's Water Content
26.3. Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney
26.5. Eliminated Nitrogenous Wastes
27. How the Animal Body Defends Itself
27.1. Skin: The First Line of Defense
27.2. Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of Defense
27.3. Specific Immunity: The Third Line of Defense
27.4. Initiating the Immune Response
27.5. T Cells: The Cellular Response
27.6. B Cells: The Humoral Response
27.7. Active Immunity Through Clonal Selection
27.9. Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis
27.10. Overactive Immune System
27.11. AIDS: Immune System Collapse
28. The Nervous System
28.1. Evolution of the Animal Nervous System
28.2. Neurons Generate Nerve Impulses
28.4. Addictive Drugs Act on Chemical Synapses
28.5. Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain
28.8. Voluntary and Autonomic Nervous Systems
29. The Senses
29.1. Processing Sensory Information
29.2. Sensing Gravity and Motion
29.3. Sensing Chemicals: Taste and Smell
30. Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body
30.2. How Hormones Target Cells
30.3. The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary
30.5. The Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands
31. Reproduction and Development
31.1. Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
31.2. Evolution of Vertebrate Sexual Reproduction
31.5. Hormones Coordinate the Reproductive Cycle
31.8. Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Unit Seven. Plant Life
32. Evolution of Plants
32.1. Adapting to Terrestrial Living
32.4. The Evolution of Vascular Tissue
32.5. Seedless Vascular Plants
32.6. Evolution of Seed Plants
32.9. Why Are There Different Kinds of Flowers?
33. Plant Form and Function
33.1. Organization of a Vascular Plant
34. Plant Reproduction and Growth
34.3. Gametes Combine Within the Flower
34.10. Photoperiodism and Dormancy
Unit Eight. The Living Environment
35. Populations and Communities
35.5. The Influence of Population Density
35.6. Life History Adaptations
35.9. The Niche and Competition
35.10. Coevolution and Symbiosis
35.11. Predator-Prey Interactions
36. Ecosystems
36.1. Energy Flows Through Ecosystems
36.5. Soil Nutrients and Other Chemical Cycles
36.6. The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation
36.8. Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean
37. Behavior and the Environment
37.1. Approaches to the Study of Behavior
37.2. Instinctive Behavioral Patterns
37.3. Genetic Effects on Behavior
37.5. Instinct and Learning Interact
37.8. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Behavior
37.11. Communication Within Social Groups
37.12. Altruism and Group Living
38. Human Influences on the Living World
38.7. Preserving Nonreplaceable Resources
38.8. Curbing Population Growth
38.9. Preservung Endangered Species
38.10. Finding Cleaner Sources of Energy
38.11. Individuals Can Make the Difference