5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2020 - Moore J.T., Langley R.H. 2020

Appendixes
Exam Resources

Keywords and Equations: For Use with Free-Response Questions Only

Basics

Boltzmann’s constant, k = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹

electron charge = −1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs

1 electron volt per atom = 96.5 kJ mol⁻¹

Avogadro’s number = 6.022 × 10²³ mol⁻¹

K = °C + 273 D = m/V

Gases

u_rms = root mean square speed

r = rate of effusion

STP = 0.000° C and 1.000 atm

PV = nRT

(P + n²a/V²)(V − nb) = nRT

P_A = P_total × X_A, where X_A = moles A/total moles

P_total = P_A + P_B + P_C + …

P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂

KE per molecule = ½ mv²

KE per mol = RT

Thermodynamics

ΔS° = Σ S° products − Σ S° reactants

ΔH° = Σ ΔH_f° products − Σ ΔH_f° reactants

ΔG° = Σ ΔG_f° products − Σ ΔG_f° reactants

Light and Electrons

E_n = (−2.178 × 10⁻¹⁸/n²)J

Speed of light, c = 3.0 × 10⁸ ms⁻¹

Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ Js

Solutions

Molarity, M = moles solute per liter solution

Kinetics

E_a = activation energy

k = rate constant

A = frequency factor

t_1/2 = 0.693/k

Electrochemistry

Faraday’s constant, F = 96,500 coulombs per mole of electrons

Equilibrium

equilibrium constants:

pK_a = −log K_a, pK_b = −log K_b

K_p = K_c(RT)^Dn, where Δn = moles product gas − moles reactant gas

Experimental

Beer’s Law: A = abc (A = absorbance; a = molar absorbtivity; b = path length; c = concentration)

Periodic Table of the Elements

May be used with all questions.