Answer Explanations - Data Sufficiency - GMAT Quantitative Review

GMAT Quantitative Review

5.0 Data Sufficiency

5.5 Answer Explanations

The following discussion of data sufficiency is intended to familiarize you with the most efficient and effective approaches to the kinds of problems common to data sufficiency. The particular questions in this chapter are generally representative of the kinds of data sufficiency questions you will encounter on the GMAT. Remember that it is the problem solving strategy that is important, not the specific details of a particular question.

1.  What is the tenths digit of the number d when it is written as a decimal?

1. (1) image

2. (2) 1,000d = 2,160

Arithmetic Place value

3. (1) Given that d = image, it follows that d = image = 2.16 and the tenths digit is 1; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that 1,000d = 2,160, it follows that image and the tenths digit is 1; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

image

2.  A framed picture is shown above. The frame, shown shaded, is 6 inches wide and forms a border of uniform width around the picture. What are the dimensions of the viewable portion of the picture?

1. (1) The area of the shaded region is 24 square inches.

2. (2) The frame is 8 inches tall.

Geometry Area

Let the outer dimensions of the frame be 6 inches by B inches, and let the dimensions of the viewable portion of the picture be a inches by b inches. Then the area of the frame is the area of the viewable portion and the frame combined minus the area of the viewable portion, which equals (6Bab) square inches. Determine the values of a and b.

3. (1) Given that 6Bab = 24, then it is not possible to determine the values of a and b. For example, if B = 8, a = 4, and b = 6, then 6Bab = 6(8) − (4)(6) = 24. However, if B = 7, a = 3, and b = 6, then 6Bab = 6(7) − (3)(6) = 24; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that B = 8, then 6Bab = 48 − ab, but it is still not possible to determine the values of a and b; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, it follows that 6Bab = 24 and B = 8, and therefore 48 − ab = 24 and ab = 24. Also, letting the uniform width of the border be x inches, the outer dimensions of the frame are (a + 2x) inches = 6 inches and (b + 2x) inches = 8 inches, from which it follows by subtracting the last two equations that ba = 2. Thus, b = a + 2, and so ab = 24 becomes a(a + 2) = 24, or a2 + 2a − 24 = 0. Factoring gives (a + 6)(a − 4) = 0, so a = −6 or a = 4. Because no dimension of the viewable portion can be negative, it follows that a = 4 and b = a + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

3.  What is the value of the integer x?

1. (1) x rounded to the nearest hundred is 7,200.

2. (2) The hundreds digit of x is 2.

Arithmetic Rounding

3. (1) Given that x rounded to the nearest hundred is 7,200, the value of x cannot be determined. For example, x could be 7,200 or x could be 7,201; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that the hundreds digit of x is 2, the value of x cannot be determined. For example, x could be 7,200 or x could be 7,201; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together is of no more help than either (1) or (2) taken separately because the same examples were used in both (1) and (2).

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

4.  Is 2x > 2y?

1. (1) x > y

2. (2) 3x > 3y

Algebra Inequalities

3. (1) It is given that x > y. Thus, multiplying both sides by the positive number 2, it follows that 2x > 2y; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that 3x > 3y. Thus, multiplying both sides by the positive number image, it follows that 2x > 2y; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

5.  If p and q are positive, is pq less than 1?

1. (1) p is less than 4.

2. (2) q is less than 4.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) Given that p is less than 4, then it is not possible to determine whether image is less than 1. For example, if p = 1 and q = 2, then image = image and image is less than 1. However, if p = 2 and q = 1, then image = 2 and 2 is not less than 1; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that q is less than 4, then it is not possible to determine whether image is less than 1. For example, if p = 1 and q = 2, then image = image and image is less than 1. However, if p = 2 and q = 1, then image = 2 and 2 is not less than 1; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together is of no more help than either (1) or (2) taken separately because the same examples were used in both (1) and (2).

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

6.  In a certain factory, hours worked by each employee in excess of 40 hours per week are overtime hours and are paid for at 1image times the employee”s regular hourly pay rate. If an employee worked a total of 42 hours last week, how much was the employee”s gross pay for the hours worked last week?

1. (1) The employee”s gross pay for overtime hours worked last week was $30.

2. (2) The employee”s gross pay for all hours worked last week was $30 more than for the previous week.

Arithmetic Applied problems

If an employee”s regular hourly rate was $R and the employee worked 42 hours last week, then the employee”s gross pay for hours worked last week was 40R + 2(1.5R). Determine the value of 40R + 2(1.5R) = 43R, or equivalently, the value of R.

3. (1) Given that the employee”s gross pay for overtime hours worked last week was $30, it follows that 2(1.5R) = 30 and R = 10; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that the employee”s gross pay for all hours worked last week was $30 more than for the previous week, the value of R cannot be determined because nothing specific is known about the value of the employee”s pay for all hours worked the previous week; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement (1) alone is sufficient.

7.  If x > 0, what is the value of x5?

1. (1) √x = 32

2. (2) x2 = 220

Algebra Exponents

3. (1) Given that image = 32, it follows that x = 322 and x5 = (322)5; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that x2 = 220, since x is positive, it follows that x = image = 210 and x5 = (210)5; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

8.  What is the value of the integer N?

1. (1) 101 < N < 103

2. (2) 202 < 2N < 206

Arithmetic Inequalities

3. (1) Given that N is an integer and 101 < N < 103, it follows that N = 102; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that N is an integer and 202 < 2N < 206, it follows that 101 < N < 103 and N = 102; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

9.  Is zw positive?

1. (1) z + w3 = 20

2. (2) z is positive.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) Given that z + w3 = 20, if z = 1 and w = image, then z + w3 = 20 and zw is positive. However, if z = 20 and w = 0, then z + w3 = 20 and zw is not positive; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that z is positive, if z = 1 and w = image, then zw is positive. However, if z = 20 and w = 0, then zw is not positive; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together is of no more help than either (1) or (2) taken separately because the same examples were used in both (1) and (2).

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

image

10. In the rectangular coordinate system above, if ΔOPQ and ΔQRS have equal area, what are the coordinates of point R?

1. (1) The coordinates of point P are (0,12).

2. (2) OP = OQ and QS = RS.

Geometry Coordinate geometry; triangles

Since the area of ΔOPQ is equal to the area of ΔQRS, it follows that image (OQ)(OP) = image (QS) (SR), or (OQ)(OP) = (QS)(SR). Also, if both OS and SR are known, then the coordinates of point R will be known.

3. (1) Given that the y-coordinate of P is 12, it is not possible to determine the coordinates of point R. For example, if OQ = QS = SR = 12, then the equation (OQ)(OP) = (QS)(SR) becomes (12)(12) = (12)(12), which is true, and the x-coordinate of R is OQ + QS = 24 and the y-coordinate of R is SR = 12. However, if OQ = 12, QS = 24, and SR = 6, then the equation (OQ)(OP) = (QS)(SR) becomes (12)(12) = (24)(6), which is true, and the x-coordinate of R is OQ + QS = 36 and the y-coordinate of R is SR = 6; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that OP = OQ and QS = RS, it is not possible to determine the coordinates of point R, since everything given would still be true if all the lengths were doubled, but doing this would change the coordinates of point R; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, it follows that OP = OQ = 12. Therefore, (OQ)(OP) = (QS)(SR) becomes (12)(12) = (QS)(SR), or 144 = (QS)(SR). Using QS = RS in the last equation gives 144 = (QS)2, or 12 = QS. Thus, OQ = QS = SR = 12 and point R has coordinates (24,12).

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

11. If y is greater than 110 percent of x, is y greater than 75?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic; Algebra Percents; Inequalities

3. (1) It is given that image and image. Therefore, image, and so y is greater than 75; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Although it is given that image, more information is needed to determine if y is greater than 75. For example, if image and image, then y is greater than 110 percent of x, image, and y is greater than 75. However, if image and image, then y is greater than 110 percent of x, image, and y is not greater than 75; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

12. What is the average (arithmetic mean) of x and y?

1. (1) The average of x and 2y is 10.

2. (2) The average of 2x and 7y is 32.

Algebra Statistics

The average of x and y is image, which can be determined if and only if the value of x + y can be determined.

3. (1) It is given that the average of x and 2y is 10. Therefore, image, or image. Because the value of image is desired, rewrite the last equation as image, or image. This shows that the value of image can vary. For example, if image and image, then image and image. However, if image and image, then image and image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It is given that the average of 2x and 7y is 32. Therefore, image, or image. Because the value of image is desired, rewrite the last equation as image, or image. This shows that the value of image can vary. For example, if image and image, then image and image. However, if image and image, then image and image; NOT sufficient. Given (1) and (2), it follows that image and image. These two equations can be solved simultaneously to obtain the individual values of x and y, which can then be used to determine the average of x and y. From image it follows that image. Substituting image for x in image gives image, or image, or image, or image. Thus, using image, the value of x is image. Alternatively, it can be seen that unique values for x and y are determined from (1) and (2) by the fact that the equations image and image represent two nonparallel lines in the standard (x, y) coordinate plane, which have a unique point in common.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

13. What is the value of image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Operations with rational numbers

Since image, the value of image can be determined exactly when either the value of image can be determined or the value of image can be determined.

3. (1) It is given that image. Therefore, image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that image. Therefore, image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient

image

14. If image and w represent the length and width, respectively, of the rectangle above, what is the perimeter?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Geometry Perimeter

The perimeter of the rectangle is image, which can be determined exactly when the value of image can be determined.

3. (1) It is given that image. Therefore, image, or image. Therefore, different values of image can be obtained by choosing different values of image. For example, if image and image, then image. However, if image and image, then image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It is given that image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

15. For all x, the expression x∗ is defined to be ax + a, where a is a constant. What is the value of 2∗?

1. (1) 3∗ = 2

2. (2) 5∗ = 3

Algebra Linear equations

Determine the value of 2 = (a)(2) + a = 3a, or equivalently, determine the value of a.

3. (1) Given that 3 = 2, it follows that (a)(3) + a = 2, or 4a = 2, or a = image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that 5 = 3, it follows that (a) (5) + a = 3, or 6a = 3, or a = image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

16. Is k + m < 0?

1. (1) k < 0

2. (2) km > 0

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) Given that k is negative, it is not possible to determine whether k + m is negative. For example, if k = −2 and m = 1, then k + m is negative. However, if k = −2 and m = 3, then k + m is not negative; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that km is positive, it is not possible to determine whether k + m is negative. For example, if k = −2 and m = −1, then km is positive and k + m is negative. However, if k = 2 and m = 1, then km is positive and k + m is not negative; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, k is negative and km is positive, it follows that m is negative. Therefore, both k and m are negative, and hence k + m is negative.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

17. A retailer purchased a television set for x percent less than its list price, and then sold it for y percent less than its list price. What was the list price of the television set?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Percents

3. (1) This provides information only about the value of x. The list price cannot be determined using x because no dollar value for the purchase price is given; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This provides information about the relationship between x and y but does not provide dollar values for either of these variables; NOT sufficient.

The list price cannot be determined without a dollar value for either the retailer”s purchase price or the retailer”s selling price. Even though the values for x and y are given or can be determined, taking (1) and (2) together provides no dollar value for either.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

18. If Ann saves x dollars each week and Beth saves y dollars each week, what is the total amount that they save per week?

1. (1) Beth saves $5 more per week than Ann saves per week.

2. (2) It takes Ann 6 weeks to save the same amount that Beth saves in 5 weeks.

Algebra Simultaneous equations

Determine the value of image.

3. (1) It is given that image. Therefore, image, which can vary in value. For example, if image and image, then image and image. However, if image and image, then image and image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It is given that image, or image. Therefore, image, which can vary in value. For example, if image and image, then image and image. However, if image and image, then image and image; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2), it follows that image and image. These two equations can be solved simultaneously to obtain the individual values of x and y, which can then be used to determine image. Equating the two expressions for y gives image, or image, or image. Therefore, image and image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

19. What is the total number of executives at Company P?

1. (1) The number of male executives is image the number of female executives.

2. (2) There are 4 more female executives than male executives.

Algebra Simultaneous equations

Let M be the number of male executives at Company P and let F be the number of female executives at Company P. Determine the value of M + F.

3. (1) Given that M = image F, it is not possible to determine the value of M + F. For example, if M = 3 and F = 5, then M = image F and M + F = 8. However, if M = 6 and F = 10, then M = image F and M + F = 16; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that F = M + 4, it is not possible to determine the value of M + F. For example, if M = 3 and F = 7, then F = M + 4 and M + F = 10. However, if M = 4 and F = 8, then F = M + 4 and M + F = 12; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, then F = M + 4 and M = image F, so F = image F + 4. Now solve for F to get image F = 4 and F = 10. Therefore, using F = 10 and F = M + 4, it follows that M = 6, and hence M + F = 6 + 10 = 16.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

20. What is the ratio of c to d?

1. (1) The ratio of 3c to 3d is 3 to 4.

2. (2) The ratio of c + 3 to d + 3 is 4 to 5.

Arithmetic Ratio and proportion

Determine the value of image.

3. (1) Given that image, it follows that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that image, then it is not possible to determine the value of image. For example, if c = 1 and d = 2, then image and image = image. However, if c = 5 and d = 7, then image and image; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement (1) alone is sufficient.

21. A certain dealership has a number of cars to be sold by its salespeople. How many cars are to be sold?

1. (1) If each of the salespeople sells 4 of the cars, 23 cars will remain unsold.

2. (2) If each of the salespeople sells 6 of the cars, 5 cars will remain unsold.

Algebra Simultaneous equations

Let T be the total number of cars to be sold and S be the number of salespeople. Determine the value of T.

3. (1) Given that image, it follows that the positive integer value of T can vary, since the positive integer value of S cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that image, it follows that the positive integer value of T can vary, since the positive integer value of S cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

(1) and (2) together give a system of two equations in two unknowns. Equating the two expressions for T gives image, or image, or image. From this the value of T can be determined by image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

22. Committee member W wants to schedule a one-hour meeting on Thursday for himself and three other committee members, X, Y, and Z. Is there a one-hour period on Thursday that is open for all four members?

1. (1) On Thursday W and X have an open period from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon.

2. (2) On Thursday Y has an open period from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and Z has an open period from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.

Arithmetic Sets

3. (1) There is no information about Y and Z, only information about W and X; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Similarly, there is no information about W and X, only information about Y and Z; NOT sufficient.

1. Together, (1) and (2) detail information about all four committee members, and it can be determined that on Thursday all four members have an open one-hour period from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

23. Some computers at a certain company are Brand X and the rest are Brand Y. If the ratio of the number of Brand Y computers to the number of Brand X computers at the company is 5 to 6, how many of the computers are Brand Y?

1. (1) There are 80 more Brand X computers than Brand Y computers at the company.

2. (2) There is a total of 880 computers at the company.

Algebra Simultaneous equations

Let x and y be the numbers of Brand X computers and Brand Y computers, respectively, at the company. Then image, or after cross multiplying, image. Determine the value of y.

3. (1) Given that image, it follows that image. Substituting 6y for 5x on the left side of the last equation gives image, or image. Alternatively, it can be seen that unique values for x and y are determined by the fact that image and image represent the equations of two nonparallel lines in the standard (x, y) coordinate plane, which have a unique point in common; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that image, it follows that image. Substituting 6y for 5x on the left side of the last equation gives image, or image, or image. Alternatively, it can be seen that unique values for x and y are determined by the fact that image and image represent the equations of two nonparallel lines in the standard (x, y) coordinate plane, which have a unique point in common; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

image

24. In the figure shown, lines k and m are parallel to each other. Is x = z?

1. (1) x = w

2. (2) y = 180 − w

Geometry Angles

image

Since lines k and m are parallel, it follows from properties of parallel lines that in the diagram above x is the degree measure of imageABC in quadrilateral ABCD. Therefore, because y = 180 − x, the four interior angles of quadrilateral ABCD have degree measures (180 − x), x, w, and (180 − z).

3. (1) Given that x = w, then because the sum of the degree measures of the angles of the quadrilateral ABCD is 360, it follows that (180 − x) + x + x + (180 − z) = 360, or xz = 0, or x = z; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that y = 180 − w, then because y = 180 − x, it follows that 180 − w = 180 − x, or x = w. However, it is shown in (1) that x = w is sufficient; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

25. When the wind speed is 9 miles per hour, the wind-chill factor w is given by

w = −17.366 + 1.19t,

where t is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. If at noon yesterday the wind speed was 9 miles per hour, was the wind-chill factor greater than 0?

1. (1) The temperature at noon yesterday was greater than 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

2. (2) The temperature at noon yesterday was less than 20 degrees Fahrenheit.

Algebra Applied problems

Determine whether −17.366 + 1.19t is greater than 0.

3. (1) Given that t > 10, it follows that −17.366 + 1.19t > −17.366 + 1.19(10), or −17.366 + 1.19t > −5.466. However, it is not possible to determine whether −17.366 + 1.19t is greater than 0. For example, if t = 19, then −17.366 + 1.19t = 5.244 is greater than 0. However, if t = 11, then −17.366 + 1.19t = −4.276, which is not greater than 0; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that t < 20, the same examples used in (1) show that it is not possible to determine whether −17.366 + 1.19t is greater than 0; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together is of no more help than either (1) or (2) taken separately because the same examples were used in both (1) and (2).

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

image

26. What is the volume of the cube above?

1. (1) The surface area of the cube is 600 square inches.

2. (2) The length of diagonal AB is 10image inches.

Geometry Volume

This problem can be solved by determining the side length, s, of the cube.

3. (1) This indicates that 6s2 = 600, from which it follows that s2 = 100 and s = 10; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) To determine diagonal AB, first determine diagonal AN by applying the Pythagorean theorem to ΔAMN: AN = image. Now determine AB by applying the Pythagorean theorem to ΔANB: AB = image = simage. It is given thatAB = 10image, and so s = 10; SUFFICIENT.

image

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

27. Of the 230 single-family homes built in City X last year, how many were occupied at the end of the year?

1. (1) Of all single-family homes in City X, 90 percent were occupied at the end of last year.

2. (2) A total of 7,200 single-family homes in City X were occupied at the end of last year.

Arithmetic Percents

3. (1) The percentage of the occupied single-family homes that were built last year is not given, and so the number occupied cannot be found; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Again, there is no information about the occupancy of the single-family homes that were built last year; NOT sufficient.

Together (1) and (2) yield only the total number of the single-family homes that were occupied. Neither statement offers the needed information as to how many of the single-family homes built last year were occupied at the end of last year.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

28. If J, S, and V are points on the number line, what is the distance between S and V?

1. (1) The distance between J and S is 20.

2. (2) The distance between J and V is 25.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) Since no restriction is placed on the location of V, the distance between S and V could be any positive real number; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Since no restriction is placed on the location of S, the distance between S and V could be any positive real number; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2) together, it follows that image and image. However, V could be on the left side of S or V could be on the right side of S. For example, suppose J is located at 0 and S is located at 20. If V were on the left side of S, then V would be located at −25, and thus SV would be image, as shown below.

image

However, if V were on the right side of S, then V would be located at 25, and thus SV would be image, as shown below.

image

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

29. If x is a positive integer, what is the value of x?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image.

Algebra Operations with radicals

3. (1) It is given that x is a positive integer. Then,

x2 = image

given

x4 = x

square both sides

x4x = 0

subtract x from both sides

x(x − 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 0

factor left side

4.  Thus, the positive integer value of x being sought will be a solution of this equation. One solution of this equation is x = 0, which is not a positive integer. Another solution is x = 1, which is a positive integer. Also, x2 + x + 1 is a positive integer for all positive integer values of x, and so x2 + x + 1 = 0 has no positive integer solutions. Thus, the only possible positive integer value of x is 1; SUFFICIENT.

5. (2) It is given that n ≠ 0. Then,

image = n

given

n = nx

multiply both sides by x

1 = x

divide both sides by n, where n ≠ 0

Thus, x = 1; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

30. During a certain bicycle ride, was Sherry”s average speed faster than 24 kilometers per hour? (1 kilometer = 1,000 meters)

1. (1) Sherry”s average speed during the bicycle ride was faster than 7 meters per second.

2. (2) Sherry”s average speed during the bicycle ride was slower than 8 meters per second.

Arithmetic Applied problems

This problem can be solved by converting 24 kilometers per hour into meters per second. First, 24 kilometers is equivalent to 24,000 meters and 1 hour is equivalent to 3,600 seconds. Then, traveling 24 kilometers in 1 hour is equivalent to traveling 24,000 meters in 3,600 seconds, or image meters per second.

3. (1) This indicates that Sherry”s average speed was faster than 7 meters per second, which is faster than image meters per second and, therefore, faster than 24 kilometers per hour; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) This indicates that Sherry”s average speed was slower than 8 meters per second. Her average speed could have been 7 meters per second (since 7 < 8), in which case her average speed was faster than image meters per second and, therefore, faster than 24 kilometers per hour. Or her average speed could have been 5 meters per second (since 5 < 8), in which case her average speed was not faster than image meters per second and, therefore, not faster than 24 kilometers per hour; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

31. If x and y are integers, what is the value of x?

1. (1) xy = 1

2. (2) x ≠ −1

Arithmetic Properties of integers

Given that x and y are integers, determine the value of x.

3. (1) If x = y = −1, then xy = 1, and if x = y = 1, then xy = 1; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that x ≠ −1, the value of x could be any other integer; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, since the two possibilities for the value of x are x = −1 or x = 1 by (1), and x ≠ −1 by (2), then x = 1.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient

32. If p, s, and t are positive, is |pspt| > p(st)?

1. (1) p < s

2. (2) s < t

Algebra Absolute value

Since p is positive, it follows that |p(st)| = |p||st| = p|st|. Therefore, the task is to determine if |st| > st. Since |st| = st if and only if st ≥ 0, it follows that |st| > st if and only if st < 0.

3. (1) This indicates that p < s but does not provide information about the relationship between s and t. For example, if p = 5, s = 10, and t = 15, then p < s and s < t, but if p = 5, s = 10, and t = 3, then p < s and s > t; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This indicates that s < t, or equivalently, st < 0; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

33. What were the gross revenues from ticket sales for a certain film during the second week in which it was shown?

1. (1) Gross revenues during the second week were $1.5 million less than during the first week.

2. (2) Gross revenues during the third week were $2.0 million less than during the first week.

Arithmetic Arithmetic operations

3. (1) Since the amount of gross revenues during the first week is not given, the gross revenues during the second week cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) No information is provided, directly or indirectly, about gross revenues during the second week; NOT sufficient.

With (1) and (2) taken together, additional information, such as the amount of gross revenues during either the first or the third week, is still needed.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

34. The total cost of an office dinner was shared equally by k of the n employees who attended the dinner. What was the total cost of the dinner?

1. (1) Each of the k employees who shared the cost of the dinner paid $19.

2. (2) If the total cost of the dinner had been shared equally by image of the n employees who attended the dinner, each of the image employees would have paid $18.

Algebra Simultaneous equations

3. (1) Given that each of the k employees paid $19, it follows that the total cost of the dinner, in dollars, is 19k. However, since k cannot be determined, the value of 19k cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that each of image employees would have paid $18, it follows that the total cost of the dinner, in dollars, is image. However, since k cannot be determined, the value of image cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2) together, it follows that image, or image, or image. Therefore, the total cost of the dinner is image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

35. For a recent play performance, the ticket prices were $25 per adult and $15 per child. A total of 500 tickets were sold for the performance. How many of the tickets sold were for adults?

1. (1) Revenue from ticket sales for this performance totaled $10,500.

2. (2) The average (arithmetic mean) price per ticket sold was $21.

Algebra Simultaneous equations

Let A and C be the numbers of adult and child tickets sold, respectively. Given that image, or image, determine the value of A.

3. (1) Given that image, or image, it follows by substituting image for C that image, which can be solved to obtain a unique value for A. Alternatively, it can be seen that unique values for A and C are determined by the fact that image and image represent the equations of two nonparallel lines in the standard (x, y) coordinate plane, which have a unique point in common; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that image, or image, which is the same information given in (1). Therefore, A can be determined, as shown in (1) above; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

36. What is the value of x?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

3. (1) Transposing terms gives the equivalent equation image, or image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Multiplying both sides by 2x gives the equivalent equation image, or image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

37. If x and y are positive integers, what is the remainder when image is divided by 3?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) Given that image, then image. More than one remainder is possible when image is divided by 3. For example, by long division, or by using the fact that image image, the remainder is 2 when image and the remainder is 0 when image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that image, then image. Since the sum of the digits of image, which is divisible by 3, it follows that image is divisible by 3, and hence has remainder 0 when divided by 3. This can also be seen by writing image as image image image, which is divisible by 3; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

38. What was the amount of money donated to a certain charity?

1. (1) Of the amount donated, 40 percent came from corporate donations.

2. (2) Of the amount donated, $1.5 million came from noncorporate donations.

Arithmetic Percents

The statements suggest considering the amount of money donated to be the total of the corporate donations and the noncorporate donations.

3. (1) From this, only the portion that represented corporate donations is known, with no means of determining the total amount donated; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) From this, only the dollar amount that represented noncorporate donations is known, with no means of determining the portion of the total donations that it represents; NOT sufficient.

Letting x represent the total dollar amount donated, it follows from (1) that the amount donated from corporate sources can be represented as 0.40x. Combining the information from (1) and (2) yields the equation image, which can be solved to obtain exactly one solution for x.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

39. What is the value of the positive integer n?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Arithmetic operations

3. (1) If n is a positive integer and image, then n can be either 1 or 2, since image and image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Since the only positive integer equal to its square is 1, each positive integer that is not equal to 1 satisfies (2); NOT sufficient.

Using (1) and (2) together, it follows from (1) that image or image, and it follows from (2) that image, and hence the value of n must be 2.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

40. If the set S consists of five consecutive positive integers, what is the sum of these five integers?

1. (1) The integer 11 is in S, but 10 is not in S.

2. (2) The sum of the even integers in S is 26.

Arithmetic Sequences

3. (1) This indicates that the least integer in S is 11 since S consists of consecutive integers and 11 is in S, but 10 is not in S. Thus, the integers in S are 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, and their sum can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) This indicates that the sum of the even integers in S is 26. In a set of 5 consecutive integers, either two of the integers or three of the integers are even. If there are three even integers, then the first integer in S must be even. Also, since image, the three even integers must be around 8. The three even integers could be 6, 8, and 10, but are not because their sum is less than 26; or they could be 8, 10, and 12, but are not because their sum is greater than 26. Therefore, S cannot contain three even integers and must contain only two even integers. Those integers must be 12 and 14 since 12 + 14 = 26. It follows that the integers in S are 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, and their sum can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

Alternately, if n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, and n + 4 represent the five consecutive integers and three of them are even, then n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) = 26, or 3n = 20, or image, which is not an integer.

On the other hand, if two of the integers are even, then (n +1) + (n +3) = 26, or 2n = 22, or n = 11. It follows that the integers are 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, and their sum can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

41. A total of 20 amounts are entered on a spreadsheet that has 5 rows and 4 columns; each of the 20 positions in the spreadsheet contains one amount. The average (arithmetic mean) of the amounts in row i is Ri (1 ≤ i ≤ 5). The average of the amounts in column j isCj (1 ≤ j ≤ 4). What is the average of all 20 amounts on the spreadsheet?

1. (1) R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 = 550

2. (2) C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 = 440

Arithmetic Statistics

It is given that Ri represents the average of the amounts in row i. Since there are four amounts in each row, 4Ri represents the total of the amounts in row i. Likewise, it is given that Cj represents the average of the amounts in column j. Since there are five amounts in each column, 5Cj represents the total of the amounts in column j.

3. (1) It is given that R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 = 550, and so 4(R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5) = 4R1 + 4R2 + 4R3 + 4R4 + 4R5 = 4(550) = 2,200. Therefore, 2,200 is the sum of all 20 amounts (4 amounts in each of 5 rows), and the average of all 20 amounts is image = 110; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 = 440, and so 5(C1 + C2 + C3 + C4) = 5C1 + 5C2 + 5C3 + 5C4 = 5(440) = 2,200. Therefore, 2,200 is the sum of all 20 amounts (5 amounts in each of 4 columns), and the average of all 20 amounts is image = 110; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

42. Was the range of the amounts of money that Company Y budgeted for its projects last year equal to the range of the amounts of money that it budgeted for its projects this year?

1. (1) Both last year and this year, Company Y budgeted money for 12 projects and the least amount of money that it budgeted for a project was $400.

2. (2) Both last year and this year, the average (arithmetic mean) amount of money that Company Y budgeted per project was $2,000.

Arithmetic Statistics

Let G1 and L1 represent the greatest and least amounts, respectively, of money that Company Y budgeted for its projects last year, and let G2 and L2 represent the greatest and least amounts, respectively, of money that Company Y budgeted for its projects this year. Determine if the range of the amounts of money Company Y budgeted for its projects last year is equal to the range of amounts budgeted for its projects this year; that is, determine if G1L1 = G2L2.

3. (1) This indicates that L1 = L2 = $400, but does not give any information about G1 or G2; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This indicates that the average amount Company Y budgeted for its projects both last year and this year was $2,000 per project, but does not give any information about the least and greatest amounts that it budgeted for its projects either year; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, it is known that L1 = L2 = $400 and that the average amount Company Y budgeted for its projects both last year and this year was $2,000 per project, but there is no information about G1 or G2. For example, if, for each year, Company Y budgeted $400 for each of 2 projects and $2,320 for each of the 10 others, then (1) and (2) are true and the range for each year was $2,320 − $400 = $1,920. However, if, last year, Company Y budgeted $400 for each of 2 projects and $2,320 for each of the 10 others, and, this year, budgeted $400 for each of 11 projects and $19,600 for 1 project, then (1) and (2) are true, but the range for last year was $1,920 and the range for this year was $19,600 − $400 = $19,200.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

image

43. If a, b, c, and d are numbers on the number line shown and if the tick marks are equally spaced, what is the value of a + c?

1. (1) a + b = −8

2. (2) a + d = 0

Algebra Sequences

It is given that the distance between a and b is the same as the distance between b and c, which is the same as the distance between c and d. Letting q represent this distance, then b = a + q, c = a + 2q, and d = a + 3q. The value of a + c can be determined if the value of a + (a + 2q) = 2a + 2q can be determined.

3. (1) It is given that a + b = −8. Then, a + (a + q) = 2a + q = −8. From this, the value of 2a + 2q cannot be determined. For example, the values of a and q could be −5 and 2, respectively, or they could be −6 and 4, respectively; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It is given that a + d = 0. Then, a + (a + 3q) = 2a + 3q = 0. From this, the value of 2a + 2q cannot be determined. For example, the values of a and q could be −3 and 2, respectively, or they could be −6 and 4, respectively; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, adding the equations, 2a + q = −8 and 2a + 3q = 0 gives 4a + 4q = −8 and so 2a + 2q = image = −4.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

image

44. In the triangle above, does image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Geometry Triangles

The Pythagorean theorem states that image for any right triangle with legs of lengths a and b and hypotenuse of length c. A right triangle is a triangle whose largest angle has measure image. The converse of the Pythagorean theorem also holds: If image, then the triangle is a right triangle.

3. (1) The sum of the degree measures of the three interior angles of a triangle is image. It is given that image. Thus, the remaining interior angle (not labeled) has degree measure 180 − 90 = 90. Therefore, the triangle is a right triangle, and hence it follows from the Pythagorean theorem that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that image, the triangle could be a right triangle (for example, image) or fail to be a right triangle (for example, image), and hence image can be true (this follows from the Pythagorean theorem) or image can be false (this follows from the converse of the Pythagorean theorem); NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

45. If image, is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

3. (1) Dividing each side of the equation image by rs gives image, or image, or image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) If image, then image, but if image, then image; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

46. If x, y, and z are three integers, are they consecutive integers?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) Given image, it is possible to choose y so that x, y, and z are consecutive integers (for example, image, image, and image) and it is possible to choose y so that x, y, and z are not consecutive integers (for example, image, image, and image); NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that image, the three integers can be consecutive (for example, image, image, and image) and the three integers can fail to be consecutive (for example, image, image, and image); NOT sufficient.

Using (1) and (2) together, it follows that y is the unique integer between x and z and hence the three integers are consecutive.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

47. A collection of 36 cards consists of 4 sets of 9 cards each. The 9 cards in each set are numbered 1 through 9. If one card has been removed from the collection, what is the number on that card?

1. (1) The units digit of the sum of the numbers on the remaining 35 cards is 6.

2. (2) The sum of the numbers on the remaining 35 cards is 176.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

The sum image can be evaluated quickly by several methods. One method is to group the terms as image, and therefore the sum is image. Thus, the sum of the numbers on all 36 cards is image.

3. (1) It is given that the units digit of the sum of the numbers on the remaining 35 cards is 6. Since the sum of the numbers on all 36 cards is 180, the sum of the numbers on the remaining 35 cards must be 179, 178, 177, . . . , 171, and of these values, only 176 has a units digit of 6. Therefore, the number on the card removed must be image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that the sum of the numbers on the remaining 35 cards is 176. Since the sum of the numbers on all 36 cards is 180, it follows that the number on the card removed must be image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

48. In the xy-plane, point (r, s) lies on a circle with center at the origin. What is the value of image?

1. (1) The circle has radius 2.

2. (2) The point image lies on the circle.

Geometry Simple coordinate geometry

Let R be the radius of the circle. A right triangle with legs of lengths image and image can be formed so that the line segment with endpoints (r, s) and (0,0) is the hypotenuse. Since the length of the hypotenuse is R, the Pythagorean theorem for this right triangle gives image. Therefore, to determine the value of image, it is sufficient to determine the value of R.

3. (1) It is given that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that image lies on the circle. A right triangle with legs each of length image can be formed so that the line segment with endpoints image and (0,0) is the hypotenuse. Since the length of the hypotenuse is the radius of the circle, which isR, where image, the Pythagorean theorem for this right triangle gives image. Therefore, image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

49. If r, s, and t are nonzero integers, is r 5s3t 4 negative?

1. (1) rt is negative.

2. (2) s is negative.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

Since image and (rt)4 is positive, r5s3t4 will be negative if and only if rs3 is negative, or if and only if r and s have opposite signs.

3. (1) It is given that rt is negative, but nothing can be determined about the sign of s. If the sign of s is the opposite of the sign of r, then image will be negative. However, if the sign of s is the same as the sign of r, then image will be positive; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It is given that s is negative, but nothing can be determined about the sign of r. If r is positive, then image will be negative. However, if r is negative, then image will be positive; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2), it is still not possible to determine whether r and s have opposite signs. For example, (1) and (2) hold if r is positive, s is negative, and t is negative, and in this case r and s have opposite signs. However, (1) and (2) hold if r is negative, s is negative, and t is positive, and in this case r and s have the same sign.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

50. If x and y are integers, what is the value of y?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Arithmetic operations

3. (1) Many different pairs of integers have the product 27, for example, (−3)(−9) and (1)(27). There is no way to determine which pair of integers is intended, and there is also no way to determine which member of a pair is x and which member of a pair is y; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that image, more than one integer value for y is possible. For example, y could be 1 (with the value of x being 1) or y could be 2 (with the value of x being 4); NOT sufficient.

Using both (1) and (2), y2 can be substituted for the value of x in (1) to give image, which has exactly one solution, image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

51. How many newspapers were sold at a certain newsstand today?

1. (1) A total of 100 newspapers were sold at the newsstand yesterday, 10 fewer than twice the number sold today.

2. (2) The number of newspapers sold at the newsstand yesterday was 45 more than the number sold today.

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

Let t be the number of newspapers sold today.

3. (1) The given information can be expressed as image, which can be solved for a unique value of t; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that image newspapers were sold at the newsstand yesterday. Since the number sold yesterday is unknown, t cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

52. John took a test that had 60 questions numbered from 1 to 60. How many of the questions did he answer correctly?

1. (1) The number of questions he answered correctly in the first half of the test was 7 more than the number he answered correctly in the second half of the test.

2. (2) He answered image of the odd-numbered questions correctly and image of the even-numbered questions correctly.

Arithmetic Fractions

3. (1) Let f represent the number of questions answered correctly in the first half of the test and let s represent the number of questions answered correctly in the second half of the test. Then the given information can be expressed as image, which has several solutions in which f and s are integers between 1 and 60, leading to different values of f + s. For example, f could be 10 and s could be 3, which gives image, or f could be 11 and s could be 4, which gives image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Since there are 30 odd-numbered questions and 30 even-numbered questions in a 60-question test, from the information given it follows that the number of questions answered correctly was equal to image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

53. If x is a positive integer, is image an integer?

1. (1) image is an integer.

2. (2) image is not an integer.

Algebra Radicals

3. (1) It is given that image, or image, for some positive integer n. Since 4x is the square of an integer, it follows that in the prime factorization of 4x, each distinct prime factor is repeated an even number of times. Therefore, the same must be true for the prime factorization of x, since the prime factorization of x only differs from the prime factorization of 4x by two factors of 2, and hence by an even number of factors of 2; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that image is not an integer, it is possible for image to be an integer (for example, image) and it is possible for image to not be an integer (for example, image); NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

54. Is the value of n closer to 50 than to 75?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Inequalities

Begin by considering the value of n when it is at the exact same distance from both 50 and 75. The value of n is equidistant between 50 and 75 when n is the midpoint between 75 and 50, that is, when image. Alternatively stated, n is equidistant between 50 and 75 when the distance that n is below 75 is equal to the distance that n is above 50, i.e., when image, as indicated on the number line below.

image

3. (1) Since here image, it follows that the value of n is closer to 50 than to 75; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Although n is greater than 60, for all values of n between 60 and 62.5, n is closer to 50, and for all values of n greater than 62.5, n is closer to 75. Without further information, the value of n relative to 50 and 75 cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

55. Last year, if Elena spent a total of $720 on newspapers, magazines, and books, what amount did she spend on newspapers?

1. (1) Last year, the amount that Elena spent on magazines was 80 percent of the amount that she spent on books.

2. (2) Last year, the amount that Elena spent on newspapers was 60 percent of the total amount that she spent on magazines and books.

Arithmetic Percents

Let n, m, and b be the amounts, in dollars, that Elena spent last year on newspapers, magazines, and books, respectively. Given that image, determine the value of n.

3. (1) Given that m is 80% of b, or image, it follows from image that image, or image. Since more than one positive value of b is possible, the value of n cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that n is 60% of the sum of m and b, or image, or image, it follows from image that image, which can be solved to obtain a unique value of n; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

56. If p, q, x, y, and z are different positive integers, which of the five integers is the median?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Statistics

Since there are five different integers, there are two integers greater and two integers less than the median, which is the middle number.

3. (1) No information is given about the order of y and z with respect to the other three numbers; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This statement does not relate y and z to the other three integers; NOT sufficient.

Because (1) and (2) taken together do not relate p, x, and q to y and z, it is impossible to tell which is the median. For example, if image, image, image, image, and image, then the median is 8, but if image, image, image, image, and image, then the median is 3.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

57. If image, what is the value of wz?

1. (1) w and z are positive integers.

2. (2) w and z are consecutive odd integers.

Arithmetic Arithmetic operations

3. (1) The fact that w and z are both positive integers does not allow the values of w and z to be determined because, for example, if image and image, then image, and if image and image, then image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Since w and z are consecutive odd integers whose sum is 28, it is reasonable to consider the possibilities for the sum of consecutive odd integers: image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image. From this list it follows that only one pair of consecutive odd integers has 28 for its sum, and hence there is exactly one possible value for wz.

This problem can also be solved algebraically by letting the consecutive odd integers w and z be represented by image and image, where n can be any integer. Since image, it follows that

image

image

simplify

image

subtract 4 from both sides

image

divide both sides by 4

Thus, image, image, and hence exactly one value can be determined for wz; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

58. What is the value of image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

3. (1) If image then, when b is subtracted from both sides, the resultant equation is image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Since image, either image or image. There is no further information available to determine a single numerical value of image; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

59. Machine X runs at a constant rate and produces a lot consisting of 100 cans in 2 hours. How much less time would it take to produce the lot of cans if both Machines X and Y were run simultaneously?

1. (1) Both Machines X and Y produce the same number of cans per hour.

2. (2) It takes Machine X twice as long to produce the lot of cans as it takes Machines X and Y running simultaneously to produce the lot.

Arithmetic Rate problems

The problem states that the job is to produce 100 cans and that Machine X can do the job in 2 hours. Thus, to determine how much less time it would take for both of them running simultaneously to do the job, it is sufficient to know the rate for Machine Y or the time that Machines X and Y together take to complete the job.

3. (1) This states that the rate for Y is the same as the rate for X, which is given; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Since double the time corresponds to half the rate, the rate for X is image the combined rate for X and Y running simultaneously, it can be determined that X and Y together would take image the time, or 1 hour, to do the job; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

60. Can the positive integer p be expressed as the product of two integers, each of which is greater than 1?

1. (1) image

2. (2) p is odd.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) This statement implies that p can be only among the integers 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36. Because each of these integers can be expressed as the product of two integers, each of which is greater than 1 (e.g., image, etc.), the question can be answered even though the specific value of p is not known; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) If image, then p cannot be expressed as the product of two integers, each of which is greater than 1. However, if image, then p can be expressed as the product of two integers, each of which is greater than 1; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

61. Is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Inequalities

3. (1) This gives no information about x and its relationship to y; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This gives no information about y and its relationship to x; NOT sufficient.

From (1) and (2) together, it can be determined only that z is less than both x and y. It is still not possible to determine the relationship of x and y, and x might be greater than, equal to, or less than y.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

62. If image, is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Fractions

Since image and image, it is to be determined whether image.

3. (1) Given that a = 1, the equation to be investigated, image, is image. This equation can be true for some nonzero values of b and c (for example, image) and false for other nonzero values of b and c (for example, image and image); NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that image, the equation to be investigated, image, is image. This equation is true for all nonzero values of a and b; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

63. A certain list consists of 400 different numbers. Is the average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers in the list greater than the median of the numbers in the list?

1. (1) Of the numbers in the list, 280 are less than the average.

2. (2) Of the numbers in the list, 30 percent are greater than or equal to the average.

Arithmetic Statistics

In a list of 400 numbers, the median will be halfway between the 200th and the 201st numbers in the list when the numbers are ordered from least to greatest.

3. (1) This indicates that 280 of the 400 numbers in the list are less than the average of the 400 numbers. This means that both the 200th and the 201st numbers, as well as the median, are less than the average and, therefore, that the average is greater than the median; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) This indicates that (0.3)(400) = 120 of the numbers are greater than or equal to the average. This means that the other 400 − 120 = 280 numbers are less than the average, which is the same as the information in (1); SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

64. What is the area of rectangular region R?

1. (1) Each diagonal of R has length 5.

2. (2) The perimeter of R is 14.

Geometry Rectangles

Let L and W be the length and width of the rectangle, respectively. Determine the value of LW.

3. (1) It is given that a diagonal”s length is 5. Thus, by the Pythagorean theorem, it follows that image. The value of LW cannot be determined, however, because image and image satisfy image with image, and image and image satisfy image with image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It is given that image, or image, or image. Therefore, image, which can vary in value. For example, if image and image, then image and image. However, if image and image, then image and image; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2) together, it follows from (2) that image, or image. Using (1), 25 can be substituted for image to obtain image, or image, or image. Alternatively, image can be substituted forL in image to obtain the quadratic equation image, or image, or image, or image. The left side of the last equation can be factored to give image. Therefore, image, which gives image and image, or image, which gives image and image. Since image in either case, a unique value for LW can be determined.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

65. If Q is an integer between 10 and 100, what is the value of Q?

1. (1) One of Q”s digits is 3 more than the other, and the sum of its digits is 9.

2. (2) image

Algebra Properties of numbers

3. (1) While it is quite possible to guess that the two integers satisfying these stipulations are 36 and 63, these two integers can also be determined algebraically. Letting x and y be the digits of Q, the given information can be expressed as image and image. These equations can be solved simultaneously to obtain the digits 3 and 6, leading to the integers 36 and 63. However, it is unknown which of these two integers is the value of Q; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) There is more than one integer between 10 and 49; NOT sufficient.

When the information from (1) and (2) is combined, the value of Q can be uniquely determined, because, of the two possible values for Q, only 36 is between 10 and 49.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

66. If p and q are positive integers and image, what is the value of p?

1. (1) image is an integer.

2. (2) image is an integer.

Arithmetic Arithmetic operations

There are four pairs of positive integers whose product is 24: 1 and 24, 2 and 12, 3 and 8, and 4 and 6.

3. (1) The possible values of q are therefore 6, 12, and 24, and for each of these there is a different value of p (4, 2, and 1); NOT sufficient.

4. (2) The possible values of p are therefore 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24; NOT sufficient.

From (1) and (2) together, the possible values of q can only be narrowed down to 6 or 12, with corresponding values of p being either 4 or 2.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

67. What is the value of image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

3. (1) If image, then image. When this expression for x is substituted in image, the result is image, which can vary in value. For example, if image (and hence, image), then image. However, if image (and hence, image), then image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Since image, image, or image. Thus, the value of image is 1; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

68. How many integers n are there such that image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) r and s are not integers.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) The difference between s and r is 5. If r and s are integers (e.g., 7 and 12), the number of integers between them (i.e., n could be 8, 9, 10, or 11) is 4. If r and s are not integers (e.g., 6.5 and 11.5), then the number of integers between them (i.e., n could be 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11) is 5. No information is given that allows a determination of whether s and r are integers; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) No information is given about the difference between r and s. If image and image, then r and s have no integers between them. However, if image and s = 3.5, then r and s have 3 integers between them; NOT sufficient.

Using the information from both (1) and (2), it can be determined that, because r and s are not integers, there are 5 integers between them.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

69. If the total price of n equally priced shares of a certain stock was $12,000, what was the price per share of the stock?

1. (1) If the price per share of the stock had been $1 more, the total price of the n shares would have been $300 more.

2. (2) If the price per share of the stock had been $2 less, the total price of the n shares would have been 5 percent less.

Arithmetic Arithmetic operations; Percents

Since the price per share of the stock can be expressed as image, determining the value of n is sufficient to answer this question.

3. (1) A per-share increase of $1 and a total increase of $300 for n shares of stock mean together that image. It follows that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) If the price of each of the n shares had been reduced by $2, the total reduction in price would have been 5 percent less or 0.05($12,000). The equation image expresses this relationship. The value of n can be determined to be 300 from this equation; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

70. If n is positive, is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Radicals

Determine if image, or equivalently, if image.

3. (1) Given that image, or equivalently, image, it follows from

image

image

image

1. that image is equivalent to image, or image. Since image allows for values of n that are greater than 10,000 and image allows for values of n that are not greater than 10,000, it cannot be determined if image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that image, or equivalently, image, it follows from

image

image

image

1. that image is equivalent to image, or image. Since image, it can be determined that image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

71. Is image?

1. (1) image and image.

2. (2) image

Algebra Inequalities

3. (1) While it is known that image and image, xy could be image, which is greater than 5, or xy could be image, which is not greater than 5; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that image, xy could be 6 (when image and image), which is greater than 5, and xy could be 4 (when image and image), which is not greater than 5; NOT sufficient.

Both (1) and (2) together are not sufficient since the two examples given in (2) are consistent with both statements.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

72. In Year X, 8.7 percent of the men in the labor force were unemployed in June compared with 8.4 percent in May. If the number of men in the labor force was the same for both months, how many men were unemployed in June of that year?

1. (1) In May of Year X, the number of unemployed men in the labor force was 3.36 million.

2. (2) In Year X, 120,000 more men in the labor force were unemployed in June than in May.

Arithmetic Percents

Since 8.7 percent of the men in the labor force were unemployed in June, the number of unemployed men could be calculated if the total number of men in the labor force was known. Let t represent the total number of men in the labor force.

3. (1) This implies that for May image, from which the value of t can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) This implies that image or image. This equation can be solved for t; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

73. If image, what is the value of image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic; Algebra Arithmetic operations; Simplifying expressions

3. (1) Since image, it follows that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Since image (and, therefore, image) and the values of p or q are unknown, the value of the expression image cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

74. On Monday morning a certain machine ran continuously at a uniform rate to fill a production order. At what time did it completely fill the order that morning?

1. (1) The machine began filling the order at 9:30 a.m.

2. (2) The machine had filled image of the order by 10:30 a.m. and image of the order by 11:10 a.m.

Arithmetic Arithmetic operations

3. (1) This merely states what time the machine began filling the order; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) In the 40 minutes between 10:30 a.m. and 11:10 a.m., image of the order was filled. Therefore, the entire order was completely filled in image minutes, or 2 hours. Since half the order took 1 hour and was filled by 10:30 a.m., the second half of the order, and thus the entire order, was filled by 11:30 a.m.; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

75. If image, is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

The equation image can be manipulated to obtain the following equivalent equations:

image

multiply both sides by m

image

remove parentheses

image

subtract xm2

3. (1) When cross multiplied, image becomes image, or image when both sides are then multiplied by k. Thus, the equation image is equivalent to the equation image, and hence equivalent to the equation image, which can be true or false, depending on the values of x, n, m, and y; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) When cross multiplied, image becomes image, or image when both sides are then multiplied by n. Thus, the equation image is equivalent to the equation image, and hence equivalent to the equation image, which can be true or false, depending on the values of x, k, m, and z; NOT sufficient.

Combining the information in both (1) and (2), it follows from (1) that image is equivalent to image, which is true by (2).

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

image

76. What is the radius of the circle above with center O?

1. (1) The ratio of OP to PQ is 1 to 2.

2. (2) P is the midpoint of chord AB.

Geometry Circles

3. (1) It can be concluded only that the radius is 3 times the length of OP, which is unknown; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It can be concluded only that image, and the chord is irrelevant to the radius; NOT sufficient.

Together, (1) and (2) do not give the length of any line segment shown in the circle. In fact, if the circle and all the line segments were uniformly expanded by a factor of, say, 5, the resulting circle and line segments would still satisfy both (1) and (2). Therefore, the radius of the circle cannot be determined from (1) and (2) together.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

77. What is the number of 360-degree rotations that a bicycle wheel made while rolling 100 meters in a straight line without slipping?

1. (1) The diameter of the bicycle wheel, including the tire, was 0.5 meter.

2. (2) The wheel made twenty 360-degree rotations per minute.

Geometry Circles

For each 360-degree rotation, the wheel has traveled a distance equal to its circumference. Given either the circumference of the wheel or the means to calculate its circumference, it is thus possible to determine the number of times the circumference of the wheel was laid out along the straight-line path of 100 meters.

3. (1) The circumference of the bicycle wheel can be determined from the given diameter using the equation image, where image the diameter; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) The speed of the rotations is irrelevant, and no dimensions of the wheel are given; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

78. If image, what is the value of t?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

Because image, the value of t can be determined exactly when the value of xn can be determined.

3. (1) Given that image, more than one value of xn is possible. For example, xn could be 0 (if image and image) and xn could be 4 (if image and image); NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that image, or image, more than one value of xn is possible, since image, which will vary in value when n varies in value; NOT sufficient.

The value of x determined from equation (2) can be substituted in equation (1) to obtain image, or image. Therefore, image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

79. In the equation image, x is a variable and b is a constant. What is the value of b?

1. (1) image is a factor of image.

2. (2) 4 is a root of the equation image.

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

3. (1) Method 1: If image is a factor, then image for some constant c. Equating the constant terms (or substituting image), it follows that image, or image. Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is image, which is equal to image, and hence image.

1. Method 2: If image is a factor of image, then 3 is a root of image. Therefore, image, which can be solved to get image.

2. Method 3: The value of b can be found by long division:

image

3. These calculations show that the remainder is image. Since the remainder must be 0, it follows that image, or image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) If 4 is a root of the equation, then 4 can be substituted for x in the equation image, yielding image. This last equation can be solved to obtain a unique value for b; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

80. A Town T has 20,000 residents, 60 percent of whom are female. What percent of the residents were born in Town T?

1. (1) The number of female residents who were born in Town T is twice the number of male residents who were not born in Town T.

2. (2) The number of female residents who were not born in Town T is twice the number of female residents who were born in Town T.

Arithmetic Percents

Since 60 percent of the residents are female, there are image female residents. The remaining residents are male, so there are image male residents. Let N be the number of residents who were born in Town T. The percent of the residents who were born in Town T is image, which can be determined exactly when N can be determined.

This information is displayed in the following table:

Table 1

Male

Female

Total

Born in Town T

N

Not Born in Town T

Total

8,000

12,000

20,000

3. (1) Let x represent the number of male residents who were not born in Town T. Then the number of female residents who were born in Town T is 2x. Adding this information to Table 1 gives

Table 2

Male

Female

Total

Born in Town T

2x

N

Not Born in Town T

x

Total

8,000

12,000

20,000

1. Other cells in the table can then be filled in as shown below.

Table 3

Male

Female

Total

Born in Town T

image

2x

N

Not Born in Town T

x

image

image

Total

8,000

12,000

20,000

1. Then, it can be seen from Table 3 that image and also that image. However, without a value for x, the value of N cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Let y represent the number of female residents who were born in Town T. Then the number of female residents who were not born in Town T is 2y. Adding this information to Table 1 gives

Table 4

Male

Female

Total

Born in Town T

y

N

Not Born in Town T

2y

Total

8,000

12,000

20,000

1. From Table 4 it can be seen that image, so image and image. With this value, the table can be expanded to

Table 5

Male

Female

Total

Born in Town T

4,000

N

Not Born in Town T

8,000

Total

8,000

12,000

20,000

2. However, there is not enough information to determine the value of N; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2) together, the information from Table 3, which uses the information given in (1), can be combined with Table 5, which uses the information given in (2), to obtain image. Therefore, image and thus image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

81. In image, what is the length of YZ?

1. (1) The length of XY is 3.

2. (2) The length of XZ is 5.

Geometry Triangles

Given the length of one side of a triangle, it is known that the sum of the lengths of the other two sides is greater than that given length. The length of either of the other two sides, however, can be any positive number.

3. (1) Only the length of one side, XY, is given, and that is not enough to determine the length of YZ; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Again, only the length of one side, XZ, is given and that is not enough to determine the length of YZ; NOT sufficient.

Even by using the triangle inequality stated above, only a range of values for YZ can be determined from (1) and (2). If the length of side YZ is represented by k, then it is known both that image and that image, or image. Combining these inequalities to determine the length of k yields only that image.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

82. If the average (arithmetic mean) of n consecutive odd integers is 10, what is the least of the integers?

1. (1) The range of the n integers is 14.

2. (2) The greatest of the n integers is 17.

Arithmetic Statistics

Let k be the least of the n consecutive odd integers. Then the n consecutive odd integers are k, image, image, . . . , image, where image is the greatest of the n consecutive odd integers and image is the range of the nconsecutive odd integers. Determine the value of k.

3. (1) Given that the range of the odd integers is 14, it follows that image, or image, or image. It is also given that the average of the 8 consecutive odd integers is 10, and so image, from which a unique value for k can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that the greatest of the odd integers is 17, it follows that the n consecutive odd integers can be expressed as 17, image, image, . . . , image. Since the average of the n consecutive odd integers is 10, then

image,

1. or

image (i)

The n consecutive odd integers can also be expressed as k, image, image, . . . , image. Since the average of the n consecutive odd integers is 10, then

image,

or

image (ii)

Adding equations (i) and (ii) gives

image

image

image

image

Alternatively, because the numbers are consecutive odd integers, they form a data set that is symmetric about its average, and so the average of the numbers is the average of the least and greatest numbers. Therefore, image, from which a unique value for k can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

83. What was the ratio of the number of cars to the number of trucks produced by Company X last year?

1. (1) Last year, if the number of cars produced by Company X had been 8 percent greater, the number of cars produced would have been 150 percent of the number of trucks produced by Company X.

2. (2) Last year Company X produced 565,000 cars and 406,800 trucks.

Arithmetic Ratio; Percents

Let c equal the number of cars and t the number of trucks produced by Company X last year. The ratio of cars to trucks produced last year can be expressed as image.

3. (1) An 8 percent increase in the number of cars produced can be expressed as 108 percent of c, or 1.08c. Similarly, 150 percent of the number of trucks produced can be expressed as 1.5t. The relationship between the two can be expressed in the equation image. From this:

image

divide both sides by t

image

divide both sides by 1.08

4.  Thus the ratio of cars to trucks produced last year can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

5. (2) The values of c and t are given; so the ratio image can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

84. If x, y, and z are positive numbers, is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Inequalities

3. (1) Dividing both sides of the inequality by z yields image. However, there is no information relating z to either x or y; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Dividing both sides of the inequality by y yields only that image, with no further information relating y to either x or z; NOT sufficient.

From (1) and (2) it can be determined that x is greater than both y and z. Since it still cannot be determined which of y or z is the least, the correct ordering of the three numbers also cannot be determined.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

85. K is a set of numbers such that

1. (i) if x is in K, then −x is in K, and

2. (ii) if each of x and y is in K, then xy is in K.

Is 12 in K?

3. (1) 2 is in K.

4. (2) 3 is in K.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

5. (1) Given that 2 is in K, it follows that K could be the set of all real numbers, which contains 12. However, if K is the set {. . . , −16, −8, −4, −2, 2, 4, 8, 16, . . .}, then K contains 2 and K satisfies both (i) and (ii), but K does not contain 12. To see that K satisfies (ii), note that K can be written as {. . . , −24, −23, −22, −21, 21, 22, 23, 24, . . .}, and thus a verification of (ii) can reduce to verifying that the sum of two positive integer exponents is a positive integer exponent; NOT sufficient.

6. (2) Given that 3 is in K, it follows that K could be the set of all real numbers, which contains 12. However, if K is the set {. . . , −81, −27, −9, −3, 3, 9, 27, 81, . . .}, then K contains 3 and K satisfies both (i) and (ii), but K does not contain 12. To see that K satisfies (ii), note that K can be written as {. . . , −34, −33, −32, −31, 31, 32, 33, 34, . . .}, and thus a verification of (ii) can reduce to verifying that the sum of two positive integer exponents is a positive integer exponent; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2), it follows that both 2 and 3 are in K. Thus, by (ii), image is in K. Therefore, by (ii), image is in K.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

86. If image, what is the value of image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Simplifying algebraic expressions

Since image and it is given that image, it follows that image.

Therefore, the value of image can be determined if and only if the value of xy can be determined.

3. (1) Since the value of xy is given, the value of image can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given only that image, it is not possible to determine the value of xy. Therefore, the value of image cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

87. If x, y, and z are numbers, is image?

1. (1) The average (arithmetic mean) of x, y, and z is 6.

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Statistics

3. (1) From this, it is known that image

4. or, when both sides are multiplied by 3, image.

1. Since nothing is known about the value of image, no conclusion can be drawn about the value of z; NOT sufficient.

5. (2) This implies that image but gives no further information about the values of x, y, and z; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together is sufficient since 0 can be substituted for image in the equation image to yield image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

88. After winning 50 percent of the first 20 games it played, Team A won all of the remaining games it played. What was the total number of games that Team A won?

1. (1) Team A played 25 games altogether.

2. (2) Team A won 60 percent of all the games it played.

Arithmetic Percents

Let r be the number of the remaining games played, all of which the team won. Since the team won image of the first 20 games and the r remaining games, the total number of games the team won is image. Also, the total number of games the team played is image. Determine the value of r.

3. (1) Given that the total number of games played is 25, it follows that image, or image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that the total number of games won is image, which can be expanded as image. Since it is also known that the number of games won is image, it follows that image. Solving this equation gives image, or image, or image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

89. Is x between 0 and 1?

1. (1) x2 is less than x.

2. (2) x3 is positive.

Arithmetic Arithmetic operations

3. (1) Since x 2 is always positive, it follows that here x must also be positive, that is, greater than 0. Furthermore, if x is greater than 1, then x 2 is greater than x. If image or 1, then image. Therefore, x must be between 0 and 1; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) If x 3 is positive, then x is positive, but x can be any positive number; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

90. Is p2 an odd integer?

1. (1) p is an odd integer.

2. (2) image is an odd integer.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

The product of two or more odd integers is always odd.

3. (1) Since p is an odd integer, image is an odd integer; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) If image is an odd integer, then image is an odd integer. Therefore, image is also an odd integer; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

91. If m and n are nonzero integers, is mn an integer?

1. (1) nm is positive.

2. (2) nm is an integer.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

It is useful to note that if image and image, then image, and therefore mn will not be an integer. For example, if image and image, then image.

3. (1) Although it is given that nm is positive, mn can be an integer or mn can fail to be an integer. For example, if image and image, then image is positive and image is an integer. However, if image and image, then image is positive and image is not an integer; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Although it is given that nm is an integer, mn can be an integer or mn can fail to be an integer. For example, if image and image, then image is an integer and image is an integer. However, if image and image, then imageis an integer and image is not an integer; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, it is still not possible to determine if mn is an integer, since the same examples are used in both (1) and (2) above.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

92. What is the value of xy?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations; Simultaneous equations

3. (1) Given image, or image, it follows that image, which does not have a unique value. For example, if image, then image, but if image, then image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given image, or image, it follows that image, which does not have a unique value. For example, if image, then image, but if image, then image; NOT sufficient.

Using (1) and (2) together, the two equations can be solved simultaneously for x and y. One way to do this is by adding the two equations, image and image, to get image, or image. Then substitute image into either of the equations to obtain an equation that can be solved to get image. Thus, xy can be determined to have the value image. Alternatively, the two equations correspond to a pair of nonparallel lines in the (x, y) coordinate plane, which have a unique point in common.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

93. Is x2 greater than x?

1. (1) x2 is greater than 1.

2. (2) x is greater than −1.

Arithmetic; Algebra Exponents; Inequalities

3. (1) Given image, it follows that either image or image. If image, then multiplying both sides of the inequality by the positive number x gives image. On the other hand, if image, then x is negative and x2 is positive (because image), which also gives image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given image, x2 can be greater than x (for example, image) and x2 can fail to be greater than x (for example, image); NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

94. Michael arranged all his books in a bookcase with 10 books on each shelf and no books left over. After Michael acquired 10 additional books, he arranged all his books in a new bookcase with 12 books on each shelf and no books left over. How many books did Michael have before he acquired the 10 additional books?

1. (1) Before Michael acquired the 10 additional books, he had fewer than 96 books.

2. (2) Before Michael acquired the 10 additional books, he had more than 24 books.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

If x is the number of books Michael had before he acquired the 10 additional books, then x is a multiple of 10. After Michael acquired the 10 additional books, he had image books and image is a multiple of 12.

3. (1) If image, where x is a multiple of 10, then image, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 and image, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100. Since image is a multiple of 12, then image and image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) If image, where x is a multiple of 10, then x must be one of the numbers 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, . . . , and image must be one of the numbers 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, . . . . Since there is more than one multiple of 12 among these numbers (for example, 60 and 120), the value of image, and therefore the value of x, cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

95. If image, does image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

By expanding the product image, the question is equivalent to whether image, or image, when image.

3. (1) If image, then image, and hence by the remarks above, image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) If image, then image can be true image and image can be false image; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

96. Last year in a group of 30 businesses, 21 reported a net profit and 15 had investments in foreign markets. How many of the businesses did not report a net profit nor invest in foreign markets last year?

1. (1) Last year 12 of the 30 businesses reported a net profit and had investments in foreign markets.

2. (2) Last year 24 of the 30 businesses reported a net profit or invested in foreign markets, or both.

Arithmetic Concepts of sets

Consider the Venn diagram below in which x represents the number of businesses that reported a net profit and had investments in foreign markets. Since 21 businesses reported a net profit, image businesses reported a net profit only. Since 15 businesses had investments in foreign markets, image businesses had investments in foreign markets only. Finally, since there is a total of 30 businesses, the number of businesses that did not report a net profit and did not invest in foreign markets is image.

Determine the value of image, or equivalently, the value of x.

image

3. (1) It is given that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that image. Therefore, image, or image.

1. Alternatively, the information given is exactly the number of businesses that are not among those to be counted in answering the question posed in the problem, and therefore the number of businesses that are to be counted is image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

97. If k and n are integers, is n divisible by 7?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image is divisible by 7.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) This is equivalent to the equation image. By picking various integers to be the value of k, it can be shown that for some values of k (e.g., image), image is divisible by 7, and for some other values of k (e.g., image), image is not divisible by 7; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) While image is divisible by 7, this imposes no constraints on the integer n, and therefore n could be divisible by 7 (e.g., image) and n could be not divisible by 7 (e.g., image); NOT sufficient.

Applying both (1) and (2), it is possible to answer the question. From (1), it follows that image can be substituted for 2k. Carrying this out in (2), it follows that image, or image, is divisible by 7. This means that image for some integer q. It follows thatimage, and so n is divisible by 7.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

98. Is the perimeter of square S greater than the perimeter of equilateral triangle T?

1. (1) The ratio of the length of a side of S to the length of a side of T is 4:5.

2. (2) The sum of the lengths of a side of S and a side of T is 18.

Geometry Perimeter

Letting s and t be the side lengths of square S and triangle T, respectively, the task is to determine if image, which is equivalent (divide both sides by 4t) to determining if image.

3. (1) It is given that image. Since image, it follows that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Many possible pairs of numbers have the sum of 18. For some of these (s, t) pairs it is the case that image (for example, image), and for others of these pairs it is not the case that image (for example, image and image); NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

99. If image, is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Inequalities

3. (1) The inequality image gives image. Adding this last inequality to the given inequality, image, gives image, or image, which suggests that (1) is not sufficient. Indeed, z could be 2 (image and image satisfy both image and image), which is greater than 1, and z could be image (image and image satisfy both image and image), which is not greater than 1; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It follows from the inequality image that image. It is given that image, or image, or image. Therefore, image and image, from which it follows that image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

100. Can the positive integer n be written as the sum of two different positive prime numbers?

1. (1) n is greater than 3.

2. (2) n is odd.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

The prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, etc., that is, those integers image whose only positive factors are 1 and p.

3. (1) If image, then n can be written as the sum of two different primes image. If image, however, then n cannot be written as the sum of two different primes. (Note that while image, neither of these sums satisfies both requirements of the question.) This value of n does not allow an answer to be determined; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) While some odd integers can be written as the sum of two different primes (e.g., image), others cannot (e.g., 11). This value of n does not allow an answer to be determined; NOT sufficient.

Since the sum of two odd integers is always even, for an odd integer greater than 3 to be the sum of two prime numbers, one of those prime numbers must be an even number. The only even prime number is 2. Thus, the only odd integers that can be expressed as the sum of two different prime numbers are those for which image is an odd prime number. Using the example of 11 (an odd integer greater than 3), image, which is not a prime number. Statements (1) and (2) together do not define n well enough to determine the answer.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

image

101. In the figure above, segments RS and TU represent two positions of the same ladder leaning against the side SV of a wall. The length of TV is how much greater than the length of RV?

1. (1) The length of TU is 10 meters.

2. (2) The length of RV is 5 meters.

Geometry Triangles

The Pythagorean theorem image can be applied here. Since the triangle TUV is a image triangle, the lengths of the sides are in the ratio image; so the length of any one side determines the length of the other two sides. Similarly, the triangle RSV is a image triangle with the lengths of the sides in the ratio image; so the length of any one side determines the length of the other two sides. Also, the length of the hypotenuse is the same in both triangles, because it is the length of the ladder. Hence, the length of any one side of either triangle determines the lengths of all sides of both triangles.

3. (1) Since the length of one side of triangle TUV is given, the length of any side of either triangle can be found. Therefore, the difference between TV and RV can also be found; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Since the length of one side of triangle RSV is given, the length of any side of either triangle can be found. Therefore, the difference between TV and RV can also be found; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; both statements alone are sufficient.

Cancellation Fees

Days Prior to Departure

Percent of Package Price

46 or more

10%

45−31

35%

30−16

50%

15−5

65%

4 or fewer

100%

102. The table above shows the cancellation fee schedule that a travel agency uses to determine the fee charged to a tourist who cancels a trip prior to departure. If a tourist canceled a trip with a package price of $1,700 and a departure date of September 4, on what day was the trip canceled?

1. (1) The cancellation fee was $595.

2. (2) If the trip had been canceled one day later, the cancellation fee would have been $255 more.

Arithmetic Percents

3. (1) The cancellation fee given is image of the package price, which is the percent charged for cancellation 45−31 days prior to the departure date of September 4. However, there is no further information to determine exactly when within this interval the trip was cancelled; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This implies that the increase in the cancellation fee for canceling one day later would have been image of the package price. The cancellation could thus have occurred either 31 days or 16 days prior to the departure date of September 4 because the cancellation fee would have increased by that percentage either 30 days before departure or 15 days before departure. However, there is no further information to establish whether the interval before departure was 31 days or 16 days; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together establishes that the trip was canceled 31 days prior to September 4.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

103. If P and Q are each circular regions, what is the radius of the larger of these regions?

1. (1) The area of P plus the area of Q is equal to image.

2. (2) The larger circular region has a radius that is 3 times the radius of the smaller circular region.

Geometry Circles

The area of a circle with a radius of r is equal to image. For this problem, let r represent the radius of the smaller circular region, and let R represent the radius of the larger circular region.

3. (1) This can be expressed as image. Dividing both sides of the equation by π gives image, but this is not nough information to determine R; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This can be expressed as image, which by itself is not enough to determine R; NOT sufficient.

Using (1) and (2), the value of R, or the radius of the larger circular region, can be determined. In (2), image, and thus image. Therefore, image can be substituted for r in the equation image from (1). The result is the equation image that can be solved for a unique value of R2, and thus for a unique positive value of R. Remember that it is only necessary to establish the sufficiency of the data; there is no need to actually find the value of R.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

104. For all z, image denotes the least integer greater than or equal to z. Is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Operations with real numbers

Determining if image is equivalent to determining if image. This can be inferred by examining a few representative examples, such as image, image, image, image, image, and image.

3. (1) Given image, it follows that image, since image represents all numbers x that satisfy image along with all numbers x that satisfy image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given image, it follows from the same reasoning used just before (1) above that this equality is equivalent to image, which in turn is equivalent to image. Since from among these values of x it is possible for image to be true (for example, image) and it is possible for image to be false (for example, image), it cannot be determined if image; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

image

105. The circular base of an above-ground swimming pool lies in a level yard and just touches two straight sides of a fence at points A and B, as shown in the figure above. Point C is on the ground where the two sides of the fence meet. How far from the center of the pool”s base is point A?

1. (1) The base has area 250 square feet.

2. (2) The center of the base is 20 feet from point C.

Geometry Circles

Let Q be the center of the pool”s base and r be the distance from Q to A, as shown in the figure below.

image

Since A is a point on the circular base, QA is a radius (r) of the base.

3. (1) Since the formula for the area of a circle is area = πr2, this information can be stated as image or image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Since image is tangent to the base, image is a right triangle. It is given that image, but there is not enough information to use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the length of image; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

106. If image, what is the value of image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra First- and second-degree equations

By substituting −6 as the value of xy, the question can be simplified to “What is the value of image?”

3. (1) Adding y to both sides of image gives image. When image is substituted for x in the equation image, the equation yields image, or image. Factoring the left side of this equation gives image. Thus, y may have a value of image. Since a unique value of y is not determined, neither the value of x nor the value of xy can be determined; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Since image and image, it follows that image. When −6 is substituted for xy, this equation yields image, and hence image. Since image and image, it follows that image, or image. Therefore, the value of image, and hence the value of image can be determined; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

107. If the average (arithmetic mean) of 4 numbers is 50, how many of the numbers are greater than 50?

1. (1) None of the four numbers is equal to 50.

2. (2) Two of the numbers are equal to 25.

Arithmetic Statistics

Let w, x, y, and z be the four numbers. The average of these 4 numbers can be represented by the following equation:

image.

3. (1) The only information about the 4 numbers is that none of the numbers is equal to 50. The 4 numbers could be 25, 25, 26, and 124, which have an average of 50, and only 1 of the numbers would be greater than 50. The 4 numbers could also be 25, 25, 75, and 75, which have an average of 50, and 2 of the numbers would be greater than 50; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Each of the examples in (1) has exactly 2 numbers equal to 25; NOT sufficient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, the examples in (1) also illustrate the insufficiency of (2). Thus, there is more than one possibility for how many numbers are greater than 50.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

108. [y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to y. Is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Algebra Operations with real numbers

3. (1) It is given image. If y is an integer, then image, and thus image, which is less than 1. If y is not an integer, then y lies between two consecutive integers, the smaller of which is equal to [y]. Since each of these two consecutive integers is at a distance of less than 1 from y, it follows that [y] is at a distance of less than 1 from y, or image. Thus, regardless of whether y is an integer or y is not an integer, it can be determined that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) It is given that image, which is equivalent to image. This can be inferred by examining a few representative examples, such as image, image, image, image, and image. From image, it follows that image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

109. If m is a positive integer, then m3 has how many digits?

1. (1) m has 3 digits.

2. (2) m2 has 5 digits.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) Given that m has 3 digits, then m could be 100 and image would have 7 digits, or m could be 300 and image would have 8 digits; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that m2 has 5 digits, then m could be 100 (because image has 5 digits) or m could be 300 (because image has 5 digits). In the former case, image has 7 digits and in the latter case, image has 8 digits; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2), it is still possible for m to be 100 or for m to be 300, and thus m3 could have 7 digits or m3 could have 8 digits.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

110. For each landscaping job that takes more than 4 hours, a certain contractor charges a total of r dollars for the first 4 hours plus 0.2r dollars for each additional hour or fraction of an hour, where r > 100. Did a particular landscaping job take more than 10 hours?

1. (1) The contractor charged a total of $288 for the job.

2. (2) The contractor charged a total of 2.4r dollars for the job.

Algebra Applied problems

If y represents the total number of hours the particular landscaping job took, determine if y > 10.

3. (1) This indicates that the total charge for the job was $288, which means that r + 0.2r(y − 4) = 288. From this it cannot be determined if y > 10. For example, if r = 120 and y = 11, then 120 + 0.2(120)(7) = 288, and the job took more than 10 hours. However, if r = 160 and y = 8, then 160 + 0.2(160)(4) = 288, and the job took less than 10 hours; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This indicates that r + 0.2r(y − 4) = 2.4r, from which it follows that

r + 0.2ry − 0.8r = 2.4r

use distributive property

0.2ry = 2.2r

subtract (r − 0.8r) from both sides

y = 11

divide both sides by 0.2r

Therefore, the job took more than 10 hours; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

111. The sequence s1, s2, s3, . . . , sn, . . . is such that sn image for all integers image. If k is a positive integer, is the sum of the first k terms of the sequence greater than image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic Sequences

The sum of the first k terms can be written as

image

image

image.

Therefore, the sum of the first k terms is greater than image if and only if image, or image, or image. Multiplying both sides of the last inequality by image gives the equivalent condition image, or image.

3. (1) Given that image, then it follows that image; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that image, it is possible to have image (for example, image) and it is possible to not have image (for example, image); NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

112. If x and y are nonzero integers, is image?

1. (1) image

2. (2) image

Arithmetic; Algebra Arithmetic operations; Inequalities

It is helpful to note that image.

3. (1) Given image, then image and image. Compare xy to yx by comparing y2y to yy2 or, when the base y is greater than 1, by comparing the exponents 2y and y2. If image, then image is less than image, and hence xy would be less thanyx. However, if image, then image is not less than image, and hence xy would not be less than yx; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) It is known that image, but no information about x is given. For example, let image. If image, then image is less than image, but if image, then image is not less than image; NOT sufficient.

If both (1) and (2) are taken together, then from (1) 2y is compared to y2 and from (2) it is known that image. Since image when image, it follows that image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

113. In the sequence S of numbers, each term after the first two terms is the sum of the two immediately preceding terms. What is the 5th term of S?

1. (1) The 6th term of S minus the 4th term equals 5.

2. (2) The 6th term of S plus the 7th term equals 21.

Arithmetic Sequences

If the first two terms of sequence S are a and b, then the remaining terms of sequence S can be expressed in terms of a and b as follows.

n

nth term of sequence S

1

a

2

b

3

image

4

image

5

image

6

image

7

image

For example, the 6th term of sequence S is image because image. Determine the value of the 5th term of sequence S, that is, the value of image.

3. (1) Given that the 6th term of S minus the 4th term of S is 5, it follows that image. Combining like terms, this equation can be rewritten as image, and thus the 5th term of sequence S is 5; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) Given that the 6th term of S plus the 7th term of S is 21, it follows that image. Combining like terms, this equation can be rewritten as image. Letting e represent the 5th term of sequence S, this last equation is equivalent to image, or image, which gives a direct correspondence between the 5th term of sequence S and the 2nd term of sequence S. Therefore, the 5th term of sequence S can be determined if and only if the 2nd term of sequenceS can be determined. Since the 2nd term of sequence S cannot be determined, the 5th term of sequence S cannot be determined. For example, if image and image, then image and the 5th term of sequence S is image. However, if image and image, then image and the 5th term of sequence S is image; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

114. If d is a positive integer, is image an integer?

1. (1) d is the square of an integer.

2. (2) image is the square of an integer.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

The square of an integer must also be an integer.

3. (1) This can be expressed as d = x 2, where x is a nonzero integer. Then, image which in turn equals x or −x, depending on whether x is a positive integer or a negative integer, respectively. In either case, image is also an integer; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) This can be expressed as image, where x is a nonzero integer. The square of an integer (x 2) must always be an integer; therefore, image must also be an integer; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is D; each statement alone is sufficient.

115. Is the positive integer n a multiple of 24?

1. (1) n is a multiple of 4.

2. (2) n is a multiple of 6.

Arithmetic Properties of numbers

3. (1) This says only that n is a multiple of 4 (i.e., n could be 8 or 24), some of which would be multiples of 24 and some would not; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This says only that n is a multiple of 6 (i.e., n could be 12 or 48), some of which would be multiples of 24 and some would not; NOT sufficient.

Both statements together imply only that n is a multiple of the least common multiple of 4 and 6. The smallest integer that is divisible by both 4 and 6 is 12. Some of the multiples of 12 (e.g., n could be 48 or 36) are also multiples of 24, but some are not.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

116. If 75 percent of the guests at a certain banquet ordered dessert, what percent of the guests ordered coffee?

1. (1) 60 percent of the guests who ordered dessert also ordered coffee.

2. (2) 90 percent of the guests who ordered coffee also ordered dessert.

Arithmetic Concepts of sets; Percents

Consider the Venn diagram below that displays the various percentages of 4 groups of the guests. Thus, x percent of the guests ordered both dessert and coffee and y percent of the guests ordered coffee only. Since 75 percent of the guests ordered dessert, image of the guests ordered dessert only. Also, because the 4 percentages represented in the Venn diagram have a total sum of 100 percent, the percentage of guests who did not order either dessert or coffee is image. Determine the percentage of guests who ordered coffee, or equivalently, the value of image.

image

3. (1) Given that x is equal to 60 percent of 75, or 45, the value of image cannot be determined; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that 90 percent of image is equal to x, it follows that image, or image. Therefore, image, or image. From this the value of image cannot be determined. For example, if image and image, then all 4 percentages in the Venn diagram are between 0 and 100, image, and image. However, if image and image, then all 4 percentages in the Venn diagram are between 0 and 100, image, and image; NOT sufficient.

Given both (1) and (2), it follows that image and image. Therefore, image, or image, and hence image.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are sufficient.

117. A tank containing water started to leak. Did the tank contain more than 30 gallons of water when it started to leak? (Note: image)

1. (1) The water leaked from the tank at a constant rate of 6.4 ounces per minute.

2. (2) The tank became empty less than 12 hours after it started to leak.

Arithmetic Rate problems

3. (1) Given that the water leaked from the tank at a constant rate of 6.4 ounces per minute, it is not possible to determine if the tank leaked more than 30 gallons of water. In fact, any nonzero amount of water leaking from the tank is consistent with a leakage rate of 6.4 ounces per minute, since nothing can be determined about the amount of time the water was leaking from the tank; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given that the tank became empty in less than 12 hours, it is not possible to determine if the tank leaked more than 30 gallons of water because the rate at which water leaked from the tank is unknown. For example, the tank could have originally contained 1 gallon of water that emptied in exactly 10 hours or the tank could have originally contained 31 gallons of water that emptied in exactly 10 hours; NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2) together, the tank emptied at a constant rate of image image image for less than 12 hours.

If t is the total number of hours the water leaked from the tank, then the total amount of water emptied from the tank, in gallons, is 3t, which is therefore less than image. From this it is not possible to determine if the tank originally contained more than 30 gallons of water. For example, if the tank leaked water for a total of 11 hours, then the tank originally contained (3)(11) gallons of water, which is more than 30 gallons of water. However, if the tank leaked water for a total of 2 hours, then the tank originally contained (3)(2) gallons of water, which is not more than 30 gallons of water.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

118. If x is an integer, is y an integer?

1. (1) The average (arithmetic mean) of x, y, and image is x.

2. (2) The average (arithmetic mean) of x and y is not an integer.

Arithmetic Statistics; Properties of numbers

3. (1) From this, it is known that

image, or:

image

multiply both sides by 3

image

combine like terms; subtract x from both sides

image

divide both sides by 2

4.  This simplifies to image. Since x is an integer, this equation shows that x and y are consecutive integers; SUFFICIENT.

5. (2) According to this, y might be an integer (e.g., image and image, with an average of 5.5), or y might not be an integer (e.g., image and image, with an average of 5.6); NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

119. If 2 different representatives are to be selected at random from a group of 10 employees and if p is the probability that both representatives selected will be women, is image?

1. (1) More than image of the 10 employees are women.

2. (2) The probability that both representatives selected will be men is less than image.

Arithmetic Probability

Let m and w be the numbers of men and women in the group, respectively. Then image and the probability that both representatives selected will be a woman isimage image image. Therefore, determining if image is equivalent to determining if image. Multiplying both sides by (10)(9)(2) gives the equivalent condition image, or image. By considering the values of (2)(1), (3)(2), . . . , (10)(9), it follows that image if and only if w is equal to 8, 9, or 10.

3. (1) Given that image, it is possible that w is equal to 8, 9, or 10 (for example, image) and it is possible that w is not equal to 8, 9, or 10 (for example, image); NOT sufficient.

4. (2) Given the probability that both selections will be men is less than image, it follows that image. Multiplying both sides by (9)(10) gives image. Thus, by numerical evaluation, the only possibilities for m are 0, 1, 2, and 3. Therefore, the only possibilities for w are 10, 9, 8, or 7. However, it is still possible that w is equal to 8, 9, or 10 (for example, image) and it is still possible that w is not equal to 8, 9, or 10 (for example, image); NOT sufficient.

Given (1) and (2), it is not possible to determine if w is equal to 8, 9, or 10. For example, if image, then both (1) and (2) are true and w is equal to 8, 9, or 10. However, if image, then both (1) and (2) are true and w is not equal to 8, 9, or 10.

The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not sufficient.

120. In the xy-plane, lines k and intersect at the point (1,1). Is the y-intercept of k greater than the y-intercept of ?

1. (1) The slope of k is less than the slope of .

2. (2) The slope of is positive.

Algebra Coordinate geometry

Let m1 and m2 represent the slopes of lines k and ℓ, respectively. Then, using the point-slope form for the equation of a line, an equation of line k can be determined: y − 1 = m1(x − 1), or y = m1x + (1 − m1). Similarly, an equation for line ℓ is y = m2x + (1 − m2). Determine if (1 − m1) > (1 − m2), or equivalently if m1 < m2.

3. (1) This indicates that m1 < m2; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) This indicates that m2 > 0. If m1 = −1, for example, then m1 < m2, but if m2 = 4 and m1 = 5, then m1 > m2; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

121. Each of the 45 books on a shelf is written either in English or in Spanish, and each of the books is either a hardcover book or a paperback. If a book is to be selected at random from the books on the shelf, is the probability less than image that the book selected will be a paperback written in Spanish?

1. (1) Of the books on the shelf, 30 are paperbacks.

2. (2) Of the books on the shelf, 15 are written in Spanish.

Arithmetic Probability

3. (1) This indicates that 30 of the 45 books are paperbacks. Of the 30 paperbacks, 25 could be written in Spanish. In this case, the probability of randomly selecting a paperback book written in Spanish is image. On the other hand, it is possible that only 5 of the paperback books are written in Spanish. In this case, the probability of randomly selecting a paperback book written in Spanish is image; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This indicates that 15 of the books are written in Spanish. Then, at most 15 of the 45 books on the shelf are paperbacks written in Spanish, and the probability of randomly selecting a paperback book written in Spanish is at most image; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.

122. If S is a set of four numbers w, x, y, and z, is the range of the numbers in S greater than 2?

1. (1) image

2. (2) z is the least number in S.

Arithmetic Statistics

The range of the numbers w, x, y, and z is equal to the greatest of those numbers minus the least of those numbers.

3. (1) This reveals that the difference between two of the numbers in the set is greater than 2, which means that the range of the four numbers must also be greater than 2; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) The information that z is the least number gives no information regarding the other numbers or their range; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

123. Stations X and Y are connected by two separate, straight, parallel rail lines that are 250 miles long. Train P and train Q simultaneously left Station X and Station Y, respectively, and each train traveled to the other”s point of departure. The two trains passed each other after traveling for 2 hours. When the two trains passed, which train was nearer to its destination?

1. (1) At the time when the two trains passed, train P had averaged a speed of 70 miles per hour.

2. (2) Train Q averaged a speed of 55 miles per hour for the entire trip.

Arithmetic Applied problem; rates

3. (1) This indicates that Train P had traveled 2(70) = 140 miles when it passed Train Q. It follows that Train P was 250 − 140 = 110 miles from its destination and Train Q was 140 miles from its destination, which means that Train P was nearer to its destination when the trains passed each other; SUFFICIENT.

4. (2) This indicates that Train Q averaged a speed of 55 miles per hour for the entire trip, but no information is given about the speed of Train P. If Train Q traveled for 2 hours at an average speed of 55 miles per hour and Train P traveled for 2 hours at an average speed of 70 miles per hour, then Train P was nearer to its destination when the trains passed. However, if Train Q traveled for 2 hours at an average speed of 65 miles per hour and Train P traveled for 2 hours at an average speed of 60 miles per hour, then Train Q was nearer to its destination when the trains passed. Note that if Train Q traveled at image miles per hour for the remainder of the trip, then its average speed for the whole trip was 55 miles per hour; NOT sufficient.

The correct answer is A; statement 1 alone is sufficient.

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124. In the xy-plane shown, the shaded region consists of all points that lie above the graph of y = x2 − 4x and below the x-axis. Does the point (a, b) (not shown) lie in the shaded region if b < 0?

1. (1) 0 < a < 4

2. (2) a2 − 4a < b

Algebra Coordinate geometry

In order for (a, b) to lie in the shaded region, it must lie above the graph of y = x2 − 4x and below the x-axis. Since b < 0, the point (a, b) lies below the x-axis. In order for (a, b) to lie above the graph of y = x2 − 4x, it must be true that b > a2 − 4a.

3. (1) This indicates that 0 < a < 4. If a = 2, then a2 − 4a = 22 − 4(2) = −4, so if b = −1, then b > a2 − 4a and (a, b) is in the shaded region. But if b = −5, then b < a2 − 4a and (a, b) is not in the shaded region; NOT sufficient.

4. (2) This indicates that b > a2 − 4a, and thus, (a, b) is in the shaded region; SUFFICIENT.

The correct answer is B; statement 2 alone is sufficient.