CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE
1 INTRODUCTION: MATTER AND MEASUREMENT
1.5 UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT
2 ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
2.1 THE ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
2.2 THE DISCOVERY OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
2.3 THE MODERN VIEW OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
2.6 MOLECULES AND MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
2.8 NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
2.9 SOME SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
3 STOICHIOMETRY: CALCULATIONS WITH CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS
3.2 SOME SIMPLE PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
3.4 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER AND THE MOLE
3.5 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FROM ANALYSES
3.6 QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION FROM BALANCED EQ UATIONS
4 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
4.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
4.3 ACIDS, BASES, AND NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS
4.4 OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
4.5 CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
4.6 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
5 THERMOCHEMISTRY
5.2 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
6 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
6.2 QUANTIZED ENERGY AND PHOTONS
6.3 LINE SPECTRA AND THE BOHR MODEL
6.4 THE WAVE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER
6.5 QUANTUM MECHANICS AND ATOMIC ORBITALS
6.6 REPRESENTATIONS OF ORBITALS
6.9 ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
7 PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS
7.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
7.6 METALS, NONMETALS, AND METALLOIDS
7.7 TRENDS FOR GROUP 1A AND GROUP 2A METALS
7.8 TRENDS FOR SELECTED NONMETALS
8 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
8.1 LEWIS SYMBOLS AND THE OCTET RULE
8.4 BOND POLARITY AND ELECT RONEGATIVITY
8.7 EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE
8.8 STRENGTHS OF COVALENT BONDS
9 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND BONDING THEORIES
9.3 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND MOLECULAR POLARITY
9.4 COVALENT BONDING AND ORBITAL OVERLAP
9.8 PERIOD 2 DIATOMIC MOLECULES
10 GASES
10.5 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION
10.6 GAS MIXTURES AND PARTIAL PRESSURES
10.7 THE KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
10.8 MOLECULAR EFFUSION AND DIFFUSION
10.9 REAL GASES: DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOR
11 LIQUIDS AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
11.1 A MOLECULAR COMPARISON OF GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS
11.3 SELECT PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
12 SOLIDS AND MODERN MATERIALS
12.1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLIDS
13 PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
13.2 SATURATED SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY
13.3 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
13.4 EXPRESSING SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
14 CHEMICAL KINETICS
14.1 FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTION RATES
14.3 CONCENTRATION AND RATE LAWS
14.4 THE CHANGE OF CONCENTRATION WITH TIME
15 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
15.1 THE CONCEPT OF EQUILIBRIUM
15.3 UNDERSTANDING AND WORKING WITH EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
15.5 CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
15.6 APPLICATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
16 ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA
16.1 ACIDS AND BASES: A BRIEF REVIEW
16.2 BRONSTED–LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES
16.3 THE AUTOIONIZATION OF WATER
16.8 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Ka AND Kb
16.9 ACID–BASE PROPERTIES OF SALT SOLUTIONS
16.10 ACID–BASE BEHAVIOR AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
17 ADDITIONAL ASPECTS OF AQUEOUS EQUILIBRIA
17.5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOLUBILITY
17.6 PRECIPITATION AND SEPARATION OF IONS
17.7 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR METALLIC ELEMENTS
18 CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT
18.2 HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
18.4 HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND EARTH’S WATER
19 CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
19.2 ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
19.3 MOLECULAR INTERPRETATION OF ENTROPY
19.4 ENTROPY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
19.6 FREE ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE
19.7 FREE ENERGY AND THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
20 ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY
20.1 OXIDATION STATES AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
20.2 BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS
20.4 CELL POTENTIALS UNDER STAN DARD CONDITIONS
20.5 FREE ENERGY AND REDOX REACTIONS
20.6 CELL POTENTIALS UNDER NONS TANDARD CO NDITIONS
21 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
21.2 PATTERNS OF NUCLEAR STABILITY
21.4 RATES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY
21.5 DETECTION OF RADIOACTIVITY
21.6 ENERGY CHANGES IN NUCLEAR REACTIONS
21.9 RADIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND LIVING SYSTEMS
22 CHEMISTRY OF THE NONMETALS
22.1 PERIODIC TRENDS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
22.3 GROUP 8A: THE NOBLE GASES
22.6 THE OTHER GROUP 6A ELEMENTS: S, Se, Te, AN D Po
22.8 THE OTHER GROUP 5A ELEMENTS: P, As, Sb, AN D Bi
22.10 THE OTHER GROUP 4A ELEMENTS: Si, Ge, Sn, AND Pb
23 TRANSITION METALS AND COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
23.2 TRANSITION-METAL COMPLEXES
23.3 COMMON LIGANDS IN COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
23.4 NOMENCLATURE AND ISOMERISM IN COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
23.5 COLOR AND MAGNETISM IN COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
24 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
24.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
24.2 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBONS
24.3 ALKENES, ALKYNES, AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
24.4 ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
24.5 CHIRALITY IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
24.6 INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY
APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
APPENDIX B PROPERTIES OF WATER
APPENDIX C THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR SELECTED SUBSTANCES AT 298.15 K (25°C)
APPENDIX D AQUEOUS EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
APPENDIX E STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS AT 25 °C
ANSWERS TO GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT
Useful Conversion Factors and Relationships
Color Chart for Common Elements